October 2015

BHMS (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medical Sciences) in Pakistan

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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">BHMS (bachelor
of homeopathic medical sciences) is a 5 year degree program for the medical
students. Its syllabus is approved by the HEC.  It is the best opportunity for the medical
students who are interested in medical field but due to the high merits or test
formalities they couldn’t fulfill their aim of becoming doctor & serves the
humanity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Arnica_montana_hom%C3%A9opathie_zoom.jpg?1446136757584" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Arnica_montana_hom%C3%A9opathie_zoom.jpg?1446136757584" width="104" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Example of Homepathy medicine</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If you couldn’t
 take admission in MBBS you have the
second option of BHMS which is also a medical degree & the candidate will awarded
by the medical officer in the post (17<sup>th</sup> grade ) and the National
council for homeopathy shall issue the registration (RHPM) to the successful
candidate on the completion of internship.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Eligiblity Criteria(As per HEC): </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Different
universities have different eligibility criteria for BHMS but as per HEC policy
the minimum qualification for taking admission in BHMS is FSC (pre-medical)
with minimum 50% marks. 50% criteria doesn’t mean that you will get admission
for sure on this percentage , these marks are only for eligibility criteria,
your admission also depends on marks in entry test and overall merit of yours.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Difference between MBBS & BHMS:</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There is not
a big difference between the MBBS & BHMS , as the name suggests MBBS is the
Bachelor Of Medicine and Surgery & the BHMS is the Bachelor Of Homeopathic
medicine & Surgery . <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There is a
big course similarity between these degree courses. Following are the few
subjects which are taught in both degree programs:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anatomy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Physiology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biochemistry.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pathology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Microbiology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gynecology & obstetric.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Forensic medicine.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pediatrics.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ophthalmology & ENT.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Surgery.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The other
subjects included in BHMS degree are Materia Medica, Pharmacognosy, homeopathic
pharmacy, Phiolosophy of Homeopathy, Homeopathic Therapeutics, Biostatics,
Bioinformatics and many other compulsory subjects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There are
many universities in Pakistan offering BHMS admission, some of them are given below: Follow the link for more details<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      <a href="http://fuuast.edu.pk/"> </a></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://fuuast.edu.pk/">Fedral Urdu University ,Karachi.</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">      
</span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://usindh.edu.pk/">Jamshoro University Hyderabad Sindh.</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">      
</span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.iub.edu.pk/"> Islamia University Bahawalpur,Province of  Punjab.</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">      <a href="http://www.aup.edu.pk/">
</a></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.aup.edu.pk/">Peshawar University Peshawar, Province Khyber Pakhtoon Kha.</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">      
</span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.hu.edu.pk/oldwebsitehu/webtest/huweb.html"> Hazara University, MansehraProvince KPK.</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Career after BHMS:</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Homeopathy is the system of
alternative medicine and the professionals will be capable of functioning </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">independently</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> and effectively.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">professionals are</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> eligible to be
called as doctor (placed Dr before their names ) & can open their own
clinics.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Post of 17<sup>th</sup> grade and
above in the government and semi government hospitals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They may get the jobs in different
homeopathic medical colleges & universities as </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">Professor</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They can work as pharmacist  in the different pharmaceutical industries.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They can work in research field.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br />*DHMS stuents can also get admissions in BHMS degree . AS the BHMS is higher degree program for the homeopathic student than the DHMS. for this they can get information from the universities  mentioned above. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">If you want to know more about BHMS program you can ask us about details in below comments.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Author: </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">Asma Ashraf</span></div>

BHMS (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medical Sciences) in Pakistan

BHMS (bachelor of homeopathic medical sciences) is a 5 year degree program for the medical students. Its syllabus is approved by the HE...

Computer File System and its Types.

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File System<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8ba44d3b-1153-4556-89dd-c43c70d5f4d1" id="7be16d8f-2e81-4646-a85e-366b081e452b"> :</gs></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8ba44d3b-1153-4556-89dd-c43c70d5f4d1"><br /></gs></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8ba44d3b-1153-4556-89dd-c43c70d5f4d1"><br /></gs></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">       Everything is stored as files in a computer system. Files may be stored as application files or data files. Every operating system has its own way <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1068112a-74a6-489a-a59b-af96a5adb48b" id="e7faba4d-41aa-4f17-b415-22ff12d868e5">to</gs> organizing data internally. This management that <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b613c502-6c3e-49fc-80a4-cc751e482fb1" id="3e663820-9e1d-4e08-98b2-052e0cc02790">is performs</gs> by <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b613c502-6c3e-49fc-80a4-cc751e482fb1" id="36f33554-1710-4592-9621-0d18f186439a">operating system</gs> is done by a program called File System<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b613c502-6c3e-49fc-80a4-cc751e482fb1" id="19b41c67-c3b5-49a7-9e19-dea9e0f8fdf5"> ,</gs> The types of file system tell us that how data and programs are accessed. It also determines the level of accessibility available to users.</span><br />
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FAT FILE SYSTEM:</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAT stands for File Allocation Table<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8a9ce08b-3db1-4199-9676-2630e1492494" id="6b506a51-155c-467c-8eb4-6d68b3b2e3e1"> .</gs> The file allocation table is used by operating System to locate <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="72182e33-0b2e-482b-b5e3-4121b759a5c5" id="5b750b3f-bd9b-4f80-b10a-6cc730f6054d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8a9ce08b-3db1-4199-9676-2630e1492494" id="6ae502cd-d342-4e84-ae43-bbe325fac064">file</gs></gs> on the disk<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="72182e33-0b2e-482b-b5e3-4121b759a5c5" id="5758f0c0-36d3-456c-9a4a-72090296c7d1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8a9ce08b-3db1-4199-9676-2630e1492494" id="bdd5468b-2f3f-4b9c-975f-29a1c66b229f">.</gs></gs>A file may be divided into many sections and scattered around the disk due to fragmentation. FAT keeps track of all pieces of a file. IN DOS, FAT is stored after boot sector<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7d3ab8f2-1b57-4a5d-acf0-559ccc2331ae" id="5f98c858-06a7-4a6c-9d5f-42cc644af94b">.</gs>It provides quick access to files. The speed of file access depends upon file type<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e8e61de6-6ea1-4d09-aa4a-e8a4eaf6cd1d" id="bf6ff0c7-158b-4678-948d-36a6de87156d">,</gs>partition size<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e8e61de6-6ea1-4d09-aa4a-e8a4eaf6cd1d" id="c03b2848-5ece-455f-a50d-c5b6345214f6">,</gs>file size, </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">fragmentation and numbers of files in a folder.</span><br />
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Features of <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bc71e5d9-d358-4041-b4b8-9f10ec2a8190" id="fa5e8974-93ff-48d9-a401-3f537cfd9c32">FAT File</gs> System:</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some Important features of Fate File system are given below.</span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">File name should begin with alphanumeric Characters</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="f0ab0ea0-12fa-4bc1-8846-2015a23ad3e1">File name</gs> can contain any characters except " / \ <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="ab2c7829-b230-4dd6-ac2d-c1344d634f6a">[ </gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="92c4cd12-fb75-438d-93b6-ae11e3542c2d">]</gs> =<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="260baea7-dda0-405a-a6ca-cf97b8cb0735"> ,</gs> ^<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="6ed847e0-2259-42a9-a355-e27ca446dd68"> ?</gs>a"<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="d84cca7a-a13b-4ac8-82e9-122076cea1af"> .</gs></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAT File System used by MS-DOS provides File name only 8 characters long.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> File names can <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dd8a2d93-36ff-49c8-9ba4-e033380f2798" id="e1668907-0c6d-45a2-a0f9-fca1d8cd375c">contain spaces and multiple periods. </gs></span></li>
<li><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dd8a2d93-36ff-49c8-9ba4-e033380f2798"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It suports no file compression.</span></gs></li>
<li><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dd8a2d93-36ff-49c8-9ba4-e033380f2798"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></gs></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">
Security:</span></h2>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">     FAT does not support local and folder security. A <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="db11b561-413b-4611-9022-142f2480746d" id="6b974b43-0c42-46aa-99da-624b109d3dcf">user logged</gs> on a computer locally has full access to the <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="db11b561-413b-4611-9022-142f2480746d" id="342086d5-2431-4045-845f-9aedecba4c9b">fies</gs> and folders in FAT partitions of the computer.</span><br />
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<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">
2. FAT32 FILE SYSTEM:</span></h2>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">         This is the advanced version of FAT file system<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="44a3f5d4-e285-4c7e-9364-00f56f8a4625" id="26e5c7ca-3eb4-4339-a648-a8d2e67bdfcb"> .</gs>It can be used on drives from 512 MB to 2TB in size. One of the most important features of FAT and FAT32 is that they offer compatibility with opening systems other than Windows 2000also.;</span><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">
Features of FAT32 File System:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> FAT32 have following features.</span><br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">
Partition Size:</span></h4>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">       FAT32 increases the number of bits used to address cluster. A cluster is a set of sectors.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It reduces the size size of each other<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531" id="fadd3f82-6d0a-4d84-98e0-2d0833f33315"> .</gs> It supports larger disk (up to 2TB) an<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0404621-bba2-4213-a58f-6d3f748cfceb" id="fb3b9d36-7bb6-4301-80bb-b0f8c744c205"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf2e4d64-569a-48c8-bc2c-2ad93e2df979" id="2bbc7eab-f287-42af-9724-6c2ec13f62af">d </gs></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1f7a74b7-535a-4708-b385-c6da48e30c24" id="f933d8fa-a4fe-49c5-8df1-3bd52e4e550c"></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1f7a74b7-535a-4708-b385-c6da48e30c24" id="f933d8fa-a4fe-49c5-8df1-3bd52e4e550c">better </gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531" id="30a6f055-f840-42f1-9a82-01b5f318d7c4">effecieny</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531" id="5c807197-c231-4e97-a0ec-126fe0ad9f4a"> .</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531" id="5a6a0995-5f6d-4e7f-aa73-50616294e66d">gestora</gs> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531"><br /></gs></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">
ACCESS Speed:</span></h4>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">        <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf2e4d64-569a-48c8-bc2c-2ad93e2df979" id="0448ee2a-92cd-4259-acbf-3942884386e4"> FAT32 pr</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf2e4d64-569a-48c8-bc2c-2ad93e2df979" id="2bdd2574-7b95-4e40-8ced-1230a0576ec2">ov</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf2e4d64-569a-48c8-bc2c-2ad93e2df979" id="850dee8e-8199-4ba3-9111-ef22bceeed94">ides go</gs>od file access in partition sizes less than 500 MB or greater than 2 GB. It Provides better disk space utilization.</span><br />
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
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NTFS FILE SYSTEM:</span></h2>
<div>
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg/640px-Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg.png?1446118393339" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg/640px-Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg.png?1446118393339" width="304" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">       NTFS stands for NEW Technology File system<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3462ea6d-aafc-46fb-a674-474f68be44c3" id="9ab236b2-1464-4488-9195-52131102cf1a"> .</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9da7e123-f132-4768-bb69-cdc5ba1796c1" id="2224f64f-5ca7-480d-b32e-8dfbcf73205f"></gs> WINDOWS 2000 <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3462ea6d-aafc-46fb-a674-474f68be44c3" id="a238a90e-7b48-4da5-bc2f-1a554536c616">professional fully</gs> supports NTFS. It has the following characteristics.</span><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
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Features Of NTFS File System:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some Important Features of NTFS file system are given below.</span></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Naming Conversation</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">File Names can be up to 255 characters</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">File names can contain most characters except " / \* |<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="192e8ded-b10c-46a0-b749-1389b37bebbf" id="04e19b0b-4e37-4a93-9d40-7c589d232388"> :</gs></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">File Names are not case sensitive.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">NTFS provides file compression of as much as 50%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">NTFS has highly <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="901fe388-1248-4bae-9464-56e5dca5b4a9" id="04fb1c64-39db-4cb1-a2b3-8f964c195032">relaiable</gs>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">NTFS <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="67967bdc-ac18-49ff-b568-148f6db0fc1c" id="486e8f0b-92df-4301-b0b7-825c1f282dbb">also supports</gs> bad-cluster mapping.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">
SECURITY.</span></h3>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">           NTFS provides file and folder security. Files and folders are safer than FAT. Security is maintained by local level and also network level. It <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5f558ddd-18fb-480b-bb17-91d94857d993" id="029b24ac-794e-47f3-b540-e96f7bdb69e1">also contain</gs> the users and group security identifier (SID) and the <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5f558ddd-18fb-480b-bb17-91d94857d993" id="fa64364e-2291-4c5a-8b88-10def2084da1">privilages</gs> granted to them.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<br /></div>
</div>

Computer File System and its Types.

File System : Everything is stored as files in a computer system. Files may be stored as application files or data files. E...

Newton`s Laws of Motion

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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">       <span style="font-size: x-large;"> MOTION</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The motion and its causes was one of the main problem for the physicists.It remained unsolved for a long time.Galileo was among-est the earliest scientists who tried to solve this problem and pointed out that the motion of a body continues along a straight line unless there is some force that causes it to change the state of motion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                           In 1687 Newton in his book "philosophine naturalis principia mathematica" meaning "The mathematical principles of natural philosophy" in which he mainly studied motion,of planets and other heavenly bodies.In his book Newton sums up the basic principles of motion in three laws which are as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">     <span style="font-size: x-large;">      Newton`s First Law Of Motion</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">                    <span style="font-size: large;"> We observe in every day life that an object at rest remains in the state of rest unless it is acted upon by some external force. For example a book is lying on the table can not change its position by itself  unless a force is applied to change its position.Similarly if we push a ball on the ground it should continue its uniform motion indefinitely but it stops after covering certain distance.As soon as the ball starts moving, a force (force of friction) comes into play which opposes the motion of the ball.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                  These observations were summed up by newton in his first law of motion which states that</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                 <i>"<b>Every object continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external force which changes its state of rest or of uniform motion."</b></i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The following two conclusions can be drawn from newton`s first law of motion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1) Force is an agent which produces or tends to produce change in the state of rest or of motion of an object.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">2) All the material objects possess the property of opposing any change in their shape of rest or of uniform motion.This property of matter by virtue of which an object resists a change in its state of rest or motion is called inertia.Thus Newton`s first law of motion is also called the law of inertia.</span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;"> Newton`s Second Law of motion</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                              Newton`s first law of motion has given us a simple definition of  force as an agent that changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of an object.For the determination of this force ,through mathematical calculation,Newton derived a definite relationship between the force acting on an object,the mass of the object,and the acceleration produced.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Newton summarized these results in the form of a law which is known as Newton`s Second Law of Motion.It is stated as,</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">"When a force acts on an object,it produces acceleration in the object in its own direction.This acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force."</span></i></b></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">DERIVATION</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Suppose a force F is applied on an object of mass M which produces acceleration A in the direction of the applied force then the relationship between acceleration and force can be mathematically expressed as:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">                                                             A<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">∝F</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Similarly for acceleration and mass the relationship can be written as:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">                                                            A<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">∝ 1/M</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"> combining equations </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 25.6px;">                                                           A</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">∝ F/M</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Or                                                      F </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">∝</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"> MA</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">                                                          F = K.MA</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">                        where K is constant of proportionality</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">    I<span style="font-size: large;">rrespective of any system of units,if the acceleration produced in body of unit mass is unity when a force of unit magnitude is applied,then obviously K=1,  So</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;">                                                          <span style="font-size: large;">F = MA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;">I<span style="font-size: large;">n the system international,the unit mass is kg and that of acceleration is m/s^2, the corresponding unit of force is kg m/s^2 which is termed as Newton(N).</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">  Thus force acting on a body is said to be of 1 newton if it produces acceleration of 1 m/s^2 in the body of mass 1 kg in the direction of the applied force. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 25.6px;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Newton`s Third Law of Motion</span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">Before describing Newton`s third law of motion let us consider the following examples,</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">1)Place your hand on a table and press it hard in the downward direction,you will feel that the table is also exerting a force on your hand in the upward direction.The force applied by your hand on the table in the downward direction is called action while the push up of the table on your hand in the upward direction is called reaction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">2) Consider a book of weight W which is placed on a horizontal table.It pushes the table with a force F in the downward direction.This is action of the book on the table.In response to this action the table also pushes the book in the upward direction.Since the book is at rest,the resultant force F acting on  the book must be zero that is </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">                                      F=0</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">Two Forces are acting on the book.They are:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">                  1)The force of gravity acting downward also called weight of book.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">                  2)The push of table on book in upward direction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               These two forces are equal and opposite to keep the book in stationary position.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">SO Newton`s Third Law of Motion states that:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                     <i><b>"To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction."</b></i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">  </span></div>

Newton`s Laws of Motion

MOTION The motion and its causes was one of the main problem for the physicists.It remained unsolved for a long time.Gal...

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

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<b><u><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">UNIFORM
CIRCULAR MOTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uniform_circular_motion.svg/640px-Uniform_circular_motion.svg.png?1446118237787" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uniform_circular_motion.svg/640px-Uniform_circular_motion.svg.png?1446118237787" width="355" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               When an
object moves at a constant speed in a straight line both the magnitude and
direction of velocity vector remains unchanged, however, if a force is acting
on the body (object) in the direction of its motion and the magnitude of
velocity (speed) changes but the direction of velocity remain same and
acceleration produced in the direction of motion. If force is acting
perpendicularly to the direction of motion, then magnitude of velocity (speed)
remains the same but its direction changes at every point. It means there is
change in velocity. There must be some acceleration and object due to this
force moves in curve path. The simplest type of curve path is circle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               “When a
body moves in a circular path with constantly speed it is said to describe
uniform circular motion.”</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CENTRIPETAL
ACCELERATION <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               Consider
a body of mass “m” moving with constant speed “v” around circle of radius “r”.
At any instant the direction of velocity is directed along the tangent to the
circular path. As the body moves along the circumference of the circle the
direction of velocity is continuously changing, it has acceleration. According
to Newton’s law of motion a force must be acting upon it. If the magnitude of
velocity (speed) remain constant this force must be at right angle to the
tangent to the circle, and it is directed towards the centre of the circle
called centripetal force(force directed towards the centre). According to the
Newton’s second law of motion, the centripetal force produces acceleration on
its own direction called centripetal acceleration. It can be shown that the
magnitude of centripetal acceleration is equal to square of the speed divided
by the radius of circle. The magnitude of this acceleration “   “is given by </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                                                      mv^2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                            Centripetal acceleration= -------</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CENTRIPETAL
FORCE</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“The force which acts towards the centre along the radius of
a circular path on which the body moving with a uniform velocity is called a centripetal
force.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               From
Newton Second law of Motion, we have</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                              F=ma<sub>c</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Where “a<sub>c</sub> “is the centripetal acceleration
produced by centripetal force “F”. Substituting the value of     in above equation, we have centripetal
force </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Thus the centripetal force is directly proportional to the
mass of the object, to the square of its linear speed and inversely
proportional to the radius of circular path. </span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE </span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               When a
body moving along circular path it has a tendency to move along the tangent but
a force is acting on it directed towards the centre of circle which keeps the
body to move in circle called centripetal force. According to Newton’s third
law of motion, there must be a reaction force directed away from the centre of
circle and is equal in magnitude but opposite to centripetal force called
centrifugal force. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               When a
stone at the end of a string whirl, to keep the stone in circular motion a
force act pulls it inward along the string. According to third law of motion
stone reacts and exert an equal force outward on the hand. The outward force on
the hand is called centrifugal force.</span></div>
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UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION When an object moves at a constant speed in a straight line both the magnitude and dir...

Who unfriend you from Facebook

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Who unfriend you from Facebook

New Facebook App. Who deleted me. The WHO DELETED ME Facebook app allows you to know the exact time when your friends on Facebook ...

RCD Snubber Introduction & Designing

<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In previous post we discussed <a href="http://www.perpendicularstuff.com/2015/10/SwitchingLosses1.html">Switching losses in the Resistive Loads</a>, in this post we will discuss problems in Inductive Load and also aid to reduce the Losses in Inductive Loads, there are many way to reduce the Losses in inductive loads but we will only discuss RCD Snubber and its Designing here.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">First lets discuss about how inductive Loads behave when it is used in switching Circuits, as you can see this in below figure, when device is turning off Voltage is rising quickly as compared to Resistive load. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide3nqp9Uybj695WaGNaVcz8KOukYlCPn5TINTICPmS5CLXw4gYezndgwTLbSnkqnCjm56hhuuABhWQL1Y6fkPAnX4ILBipyk-4ec8xSF05dxYaRH1DVQ7C7S-a7KngOcoN2edF6YqSik/s1600/sw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide3nqp9Uybj695WaGNaVcz8KOukYlCPn5TINTICPmS5CLXw4gYezndgwTLbSnkqnCjm56hhuuABhWQL1Y6fkPAnX4ILBipyk-4ec8xSF05dxYaRH1DVQ7C7S-a7KngOcoN2edF6YqSik/s400/sw.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now we will not go to detail of how we calculated the Woff and Won , below are the given formulas for calculating Switching Losses for Inductive Loads</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqmcCcfTXIZgxcpg4YaE-96Jnl3zj5T2gObw0PbCd45VOODBtjZ0RZ1v1LIZrJT7nFMcD4O1hRmuamsmfZ3toTP0MANAlpi8XszDR5tvVQSJL4AS6-9vwhR30b0_sbn1ud71JYBzQHZO0/s1600/sw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqmcCcfTXIZgxcpg4YaE-96Jnl3zj5T2gObw0PbCd45VOODBtjZ0RZ1v1LIZrJT7nFMcD4O1hRmuamsmfZ3toTP0MANAlpi8XszDR5tvVQSJL4AS6-9vwhR30b0_sbn1ud71JYBzQHZO0/s400/sw.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Switching Loss for turning off profile</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6A0UlCBz40rPweTV_CWtPo3gALwLyaxnY9xqn1JpOmd28mocK750Et8Ey5lnh-S5tj3ofOfZZWUROIPl2b4Q7IHUcrP-nHTy2tYfO62HRZcTjfoSOItPaATptnBWJlGiiLr5sO6O9wsw/s1600/sw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6A0UlCBz40rPweTV_CWtPo3gALwLyaxnY9xqn1JpOmd28mocK750Et8Ey5lnh-S5tj3ofOfZZWUROIPl2b4Q7IHUcrP-nHTy2tYfO62HRZcTjfoSOItPaATptnBWJlGiiLr5sO6O9wsw/s320/sw.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Switching Loss for inductive load in turning ON profile</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /><br /><br />Comparison of Resisitive and Inductive Load:</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBQINBmpJhPv51-weGFMj29ZNkh8uew8nE9TF6JRceuc_zV66oLnJAoGhW4P5GzXYVfDr9gtSbw9hGIiCZM2UcmgMIBvaAR-31rBjE-bWcssqsJS_PWLe2jdPm0NbqnmhHWf2Rlf7fqnY/s1600/sw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBQINBmpJhPv51-weGFMj29ZNkh8uew8nE9TF6JRceuc_zV66oLnJAoGhW4P5GzXYVfDr9gtSbw9hGIiCZM2UcmgMIBvaAR-31rBjE-bWcssqsJS_PWLe2jdPm0NbqnmhHWf2Rlf7fqnY/s320/sw.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Comparison of Resistive Loads vs Inductive Load</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Now as you can see as compared to the Resistive Load Inductive switching loss value will be more.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">How to Reduce the Inductive Load Switching Loss:</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Inductive Switching loss can be decreased by RCD Snubber aid, As you can see in following diagram that by addition of RCD snubber circuit, the voltage of rise across the switching device is delayed hence decreaing the area under the curve is decreased therefore the switching loss across the device is decreased<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUfVON5dLkteJ8T9evftjt3b0nd0FPVCx1phCwOmOc2wI8TK6xVRfIeNck71SShWuWYPDetMRu29EW7im1a-ZL37k48-mEWTwD4WcxDWOufz9DhpLXjrdkyfCO9j7_l38VLj_ZVooG2eU/s1600/sw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUfVON5dLkteJ8T9evftjt3b0nd0FPVCx1phCwOmOc2wI8TK6xVRfIeNck71SShWuWYPDetMRu29EW7im1a-ZL37k48-mEWTwD4WcxDWOufz9DhpLXjrdkyfCO9j7_l38VLj_ZVooG2eU/s640/sw.jpg" width="640" /></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">How does RCD Snubber Circuit Works?</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil5os1x8KpJ4nD7ct_X2wLLfYD89HY3gc6eW7ZwSxNds233GjAwAyaqlMj7eu2pSUOf5yaG9Yi8rVjh8nu3pJH3JNG83MtXt2_CGGBgO3-s6R3KgWOjEKGrILxDYLT208_9DiOauoP7XU/s1600/sw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil5os1x8KpJ4nD7ct_X2wLLfYD89HY3gc6eW7ZwSxNds233GjAwAyaqlMj7eu2pSUOf5yaG9Yi8rVjh8nu3pJH3JNG83MtXt2_CGGBgO3-s6R3KgWOjEKGrILxDYLT208_9DiOauoP7XU/s200/sw.jpg" width="200" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">As you can see in above picture when device is turned off, inductor was already charged and then RCD snubber circuit comes into play, Inductor discharges through Diode and Capacitor in RCD snubber circuit, now device is ready to Turn ON again. This cycle continues for all turn off profiles, inductor has to be fully discharged every time before turning ON. In this way losses from inherent voltage spikes of the Inductor will be reduced. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Important Formulas to Design RCD Snubber?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>P</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">d=</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzWXiflJNJagN05Sr-vgwqhhtds3azLXuXMc6UMXWU97i0qIYVJtej5dTcEQT5uzKTKnjpDxGsUwoyExtiV0S7uMYRhaWMV1wHetRRv0zlxmAOL_f8GLo1jQ78hCKHWGQMRxo5X75QEo/s1600/sw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="36" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzWXiflJNJagN05Sr-vgwqhhtds3azLXuXMc6UMXWU97i0qIYVJtej5dTcEQT5uzKTKnjpDxGsUwoyExtiV0S7uMYRhaWMV1wHetRRv0zlxmAOL_f8GLo1jQ78hCKHWGQMRxo5X75QEo/s200/sw.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Pd= Power Ratings for Resistor used in RCD Snubber</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">T</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">=</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6bw7GGrYQdmDadnRdN_U2V4undalpg5XB3QxvVb5u3NvEN2a1ZYL991d7ALIaBq1jLU-GzwL2qJNJXlPOF1yBLWvVgPkiYmTsXzAiHY2TPmhUyNo0A9T4tsOmqH5CrbJDhMmn12jmEO4/s1600/sw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: x-large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6bw7GGrYQdmDadnRdN_U2V4undalpg5XB3QxvVb5u3NvEN2a1ZYL991d7ALIaBq1jLU-GzwL2qJNJXlPOF1yBLWvVgPkiYmTsXzAiHY2TPmhUyNo0A9T4tsOmqH5CrbJDhMmn12jmEO4/s1600/sw.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">T= T is actually minimum switch on time given in numerical( It can be calculated by Minimum value of Duty Cycle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the next post we will solve the Numerical for Designing of RCD Snubber.</span></div>
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RCD Snubber Introduction & Designing

In previous post we discussed Switching losses in the Resistive Loads , in this post we will discuss problems in Inductive Load and also aid...

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Switching Losses Calculation - Power Electronics

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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">We had Detailed Lecture  on <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.perpendicularstuff.com/2015/10/SwitchingLosses1.html">Switching Losses</a> </span>in previous posts, we discussed Switching Losses in detail and derived the formulas for Switching Losses for Resistive Load, in this post we will solve the actual example of switching Loss in Resistive Loads using that formulas.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Question:</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Calculate the switching energy loss during Turn on and turn off periods as shown below in the graphs. Calculate the average power loss if switching Frequency is 10 kHz and what is the max instantaneous power dissipated?</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QlfYL44WrECOYXwy4skHZzO6ayGVwKEw6mh-308dsEMNc2kNAjxZJEFPPjzIckyN9xk6MLRSRgdowv9V7AemJ47VrNuSUEZyNrWk5Eg0pbqFHW1lXrcskNj7rrVWdHBt3gZXcVbzpk0/s1600/gdg.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QlfYL44WrECOYXwy4skHZzO6ayGVwKEw6mh-308dsEMNc2kNAjxZJEFPPjzIckyN9xk6MLRSRgdowv9V7AemJ47VrNuSUEZyNrWk5Eg0pbqFHW1lXrcskNj7rrVWdHBt3gZXcVbzpk0/s640/gdg.JPG" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In following steps we will calculate the Average power loss and Instantaneous power Loss first of all</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">1.Calculate Woff and Won</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">As we know that          </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                          Vbus x Imax x Toff</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">                              </span><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">W</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">off= -------------------------</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now look at graph of Turning off profile, the one with Toff</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Vbus= 200  ( The one with green line)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Imax= 100  (The one with Red line)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Toff= 5 uS</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">               Put in above equation</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                         200 x 100 x 5us</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">                              </span><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">W</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">off=---------------------</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                    6</span><br />
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<a href="data:image/png;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 14px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" title="200*100*5e-6 /6" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">            </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">   </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>W</b></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">off= </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">0.0166666666666667 W</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now calculate <b>W</b>on that is actually switching loss when device is turning ON.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">                       </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">                  Vbus x Imax x Ton</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">                              </span><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">W</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">on= -------------------------</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                         6</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Vbus= 100v (<span style="color: #6aa84f;">Green Line</span> in graph 2)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Imax= 50A </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ton= 2uS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />       </span><span style="font-size: large;">                                   50 x 100 x 2us</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">                             </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> <b>W</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">on=---------------------</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                    6</span><br />
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<a href="data:image/png;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 14px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" title="50 x 100 x 2e-6 /6" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">                            </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>W</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">on=0.0016666666666667 W</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>2.Calculated average switching power loss: Ps (x by fs)</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>P</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">s= Total switching Loss= Won+Woff</span></span><br />
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">                           </span></span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">P</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;">s=0.0183333333333334 W</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>P</b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> average= Ps x Fs (Switching frequency)</span></span><br />
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ZeBSRCI+Zd8OZiF+ZiQmZiGyZiRuZiT6ZiYmZmKeZiXKZjehY0WgVSjqVFdeZavRlXltJaC0JZvKQhx2ZidGZZj2Zea6ZmUKZlymZubKZuVaZuzCZy/uZu3aZm8iZvFKZyS6Zu6OSeimWrQ+RAhR3LRWZ3W2SiTd53auZ2OEn/c+Z3gKShbLBie5FmeZeGM5pme6mkSUxmU6/me8BkSzLmZ8Vmf9nmf+Jmf+rmf/Nmf5RUQADs=" 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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">    </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>P</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">av= 183.333333333334 W</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>3.Max. Instantaneous power dissipated</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">a)</span><span style="font-size: large;">Instantaneous power expression</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">            </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>   P </b></span><span style="font-size: large;">instantaneous=  </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">V</span><span style="font-size: large;">max(1- t/Ton) x </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">I</span><span style="font-size: large;">max (t / Ton)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now for above equation we know all parameters except variable 't' , so we will find it in following step</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">b)</span><span style="font-size: large;">For Max. Instantaneous power: Derivate expression found in (a) and equate to zero to find an expression for ‘t’. Put ‘t’ in step (a) to find max. Instantaneous power dissipated.</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">                         </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>dP/dt</b> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">instantaneous=  0   </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">so first derivate the Power and then equate that expression to find variable 't'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> after taking derivative of Pinst w.r.t dt the following equation was formed</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                               Vm x Im  x   (1 - 2t/Ton)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">              <b> </b></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>dP/dt</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">=  --------------            </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Note: </b></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">While taking derivative treat Vmax , Imax and Ton as constant.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">now put </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>dP/dt</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">=0 and find 't'</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                            Vm x Im  x   (1 - 2t/Ton)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                 Ton</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">After simplification</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                           <b>t</b> = Ton/2</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                         <b>t</b>=1 uS</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now put this value of 't' in equation of  P instantaneous in step (a)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">           </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">P </span><span style="font-size: large;">instantaneous=  </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">V</span><span style="font-size: large;">max(1- t/Ton) x </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">I</span><span style="font-size: large;">max (t / Ton)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">            After putting values of Vmax, Imax, t, Ton from Turning ON profile P instantaneous was found out to be:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">         </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>  P </b></span><span style="font-size: large;">instantaneous= </span><img alt="" class="img-responsive" id="result" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background-color: #2f3945; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 14px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" title="100*(1-1/2)*50(1/2)" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Kindly give feedback about the lecture and ask here if you couldn't understand anything.</b></span>

Switching Losses Calculation - Power Electronics

We had Detailed Lecture on Switching Losses in previous posts, we discu...