Perpendicular Stuff

Computer File System and its Types.

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File System<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8ba44d3b-1153-4556-89dd-c43c70d5f4d1" id="7be16d8f-2e81-4646-a85e-366b081e452b"> :</gs></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">       Everything is stored as files in a computer system. Files may be stored as application files or data files. Every operating system has its own way <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1068112a-74a6-489a-a59b-af96a5adb48b" id="e7faba4d-41aa-4f17-b415-22ff12d868e5">to</gs> organizing data internally. This management that <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b613c502-6c3e-49fc-80a4-cc751e482fb1" id="3e663820-9e1d-4e08-98b2-052e0cc02790">is performs</gs> by <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b613c502-6c3e-49fc-80a4-cc751e482fb1" id="36f33554-1710-4592-9621-0d18f186439a">operating system</gs> is done by a program called File System<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b613c502-6c3e-49fc-80a4-cc751e482fb1" id="19b41c67-c3b5-49a7-9e19-dea9e0f8fdf5"> ,</gs> The types of file system tell us that how data and programs are accessed. It also determines the level of accessibility available to users.</span><br />
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FAT FILE SYSTEM:</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAT stands for File Allocation Table<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8a9ce08b-3db1-4199-9676-2630e1492494" id="6b506a51-155c-467c-8eb4-6d68b3b2e3e1"> .</gs> The file allocation table is used by operating System to locate <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="72182e33-0b2e-482b-b5e3-4121b759a5c5" id="5b750b3f-bd9b-4f80-b10a-6cc730f6054d"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8a9ce08b-3db1-4199-9676-2630e1492494" id="6ae502cd-d342-4e84-ae43-bbe325fac064">file</gs></gs> on the disk<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="72182e33-0b2e-482b-b5e3-4121b759a5c5" id="5758f0c0-36d3-456c-9a4a-72090296c7d1"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8a9ce08b-3db1-4199-9676-2630e1492494" id="bdd5468b-2f3f-4b9c-975f-29a1c66b229f">.</gs></gs>A file may be divided into many sections and scattered around the disk due to fragmentation. FAT keeps track of all pieces of a file. IN DOS, FAT is stored after boot sector<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7d3ab8f2-1b57-4a5d-acf0-559ccc2331ae" id="5f98c858-06a7-4a6c-9d5f-42cc644af94b">.</gs>It provides quick access to files. The speed of file access depends upon file type<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e8e61de6-6ea1-4d09-aa4a-e8a4eaf6cd1d" id="bf6ff0c7-158b-4678-948d-36a6de87156d">,</gs>partition size<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e8e61de6-6ea1-4d09-aa4a-e8a4eaf6cd1d" id="c03b2848-5ece-455f-a50d-c5b6345214f6">,</gs>file size, </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">fragmentation and numbers of files in a folder.</span><br />
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Features of <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="bc71e5d9-d358-4041-b4b8-9f10ec2a8190" id="fa5e8974-93ff-48d9-a401-3f537cfd9c32">FAT File</gs> System:</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some Important features of Fate File system are given below.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">File name should begin with alphanumeric Characters</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="f0ab0ea0-12fa-4bc1-8846-2015a23ad3e1">File name</gs> can contain any characters except " / \ <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="ab2c7829-b230-4dd6-ac2d-c1344d634f6a">[ </gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="92c4cd12-fb75-438d-93b6-ae11e3542c2d">]</gs> =<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="260baea7-dda0-405a-a6ca-cf97b8cb0735"> ,</gs> ^<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="6ed847e0-2259-42a9-a355-e27ca446dd68"> ?</gs>a"<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0a0e594-6b16-44a8-ad03-7494ae6abecd" id="d84cca7a-a13b-4ac8-82e9-122076cea1af"> .</gs></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAT File System used by MS-DOS provides File name only 8 characters long.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> File names can <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dd8a2d93-36ff-49c8-9ba4-e033380f2798" id="e1668907-0c6d-45a2-a0f9-fca1d8cd375c">contain spaces and multiple periods. </gs></span></li>
<li><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dd8a2d93-36ff-49c8-9ba4-e033380f2798"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It suports no file compression.</span></gs></li>
<li><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dd8a2d93-36ff-49c8-9ba4-e033380f2798"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></gs></li>
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Security:</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">     FAT does not support local and folder security. A <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="db11b561-413b-4611-9022-142f2480746d" id="6b974b43-0c42-46aa-99da-624b109d3dcf">user logged</gs> on a computer locally has full access to the <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="db11b561-413b-4611-9022-142f2480746d" id="342086d5-2431-4045-845f-9aedecba4c9b">fies</gs> and folders in FAT partitions of the computer.</span><br />
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2. FAT32 FILE SYSTEM:</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">         This is the advanced version of FAT file system<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="44a3f5d4-e285-4c7e-9364-00f56f8a4625" id="26e5c7ca-3eb4-4339-a648-a8d2e67bdfcb"> .</gs>It can be used on drives from 512 MB to 2TB in size. One of the most important features of FAT and FAT32 is that they offer compatibility with opening systems other than Windows 2000also.;</span><br />
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Features of FAT32 File System:</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> FAT32 have following features.</span><br />
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Partition Size:</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">       FAT32 increases the number of bits used to address cluster. A cluster is a set of sectors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It reduces the size size of each other<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531" id="fadd3f82-6d0a-4d84-98e0-2d0833f33315"> .</gs> It supports larger disk (up to 2TB) an<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0404621-bba2-4213-a58f-6d3f748cfceb" id="fb3b9d36-7bb6-4301-80bb-b0f8c744c205"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf2e4d64-569a-48c8-bc2c-2ad93e2df979" id="2bbc7eab-f287-42af-9724-6c2ec13f62af">d </gs></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1f7a74b7-535a-4708-b385-c6da48e30c24" id="f933d8fa-a4fe-49c5-8df1-3bd52e4e550c"></gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1f7a74b7-535a-4708-b385-c6da48e30c24" id="f933d8fa-a4fe-49c5-8df1-3bd52e4e550c">better </gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531" id="30a6f055-f840-42f1-9a82-01b5f318d7c4">effecieny</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531" id="5c807197-c231-4e97-a0ec-126fe0ad9f4a"> .</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531" id="5a6a0995-5f6d-4e7f-aa73-50616294e66d">gestora</gs> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e09eddf6-f977-4f94-ae09-2bf1a09f3531"><br /></gs></span></div>
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ACCESS Speed:</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">        <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf2e4d64-569a-48c8-bc2c-2ad93e2df979" id="0448ee2a-92cd-4259-acbf-3942884386e4"> FAT32 pr</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf2e4d64-569a-48c8-bc2c-2ad93e2df979" id="2bdd2574-7b95-4e40-8ced-1230a0576ec2">ov</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf2e4d64-569a-48c8-bc2c-2ad93e2df979" id="850dee8e-8199-4ba3-9111-ef22bceeed94">ides go</gs>od file access in partition sizes less than 500 MB or greater than 2 GB. It Provides better disk space utilization.</span><br />
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NTFS FILE SYSTEM:</span></h2>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg/640px-Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg.png?1446118393339" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg/640px-Sparse_file_%28en%29.svg.png?1446118393339" width="304" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">       NTFS stands for NEW Technology File system<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3462ea6d-aafc-46fb-a674-474f68be44c3" id="9ab236b2-1464-4488-9195-52131102cf1a"> .</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9da7e123-f132-4768-bb69-cdc5ba1796c1" id="2224f64f-5ca7-480d-b32e-8dfbcf73205f"></gs> WINDOWS 2000 <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3462ea6d-aafc-46fb-a674-474f68be44c3" id="a238a90e-7b48-4da5-bc2f-1a554536c616">professional fully</gs> supports NTFS. It has the following characteristics.</span><br />
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Features Of NTFS File System:</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some Important Features of NTFS file system are given below.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Naming Conversation</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">File Names can be up to 255 characters</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">File names can contain most characters except " / \* |<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="192e8ded-b10c-46a0-b749-1389b37bebbf" id="04e19b0b-4e37-4a93-9d40-7c589d232388"> :</gs></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">File Names are not case sensitive.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">NTFS provides file compression of as much as 50%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">NTFS has highly <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="901fe388-1248-4bae-9464-56e5dca5b4a9" id="04fb1c64-39db-4cb1-a2b3-8f964c195032">relaiable</gs>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">NTFS <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="67967bdc-ac18-49ff-b568-148f6db0fc1c" id="486e8f0b-92df-4301-b0b7-825c1f282dbb">also supports</gs> bad-cluster mapping.</span></li>
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SECURITY.</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">           NTFS provides file and folder security. Files and folders are safer than FAT. Security is maintained by local level and also network level. It <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5f558ddd-18fb-480b-bb17-91d94857d993" id="029b24ac-794e-47f3-b540-e96f7bdb69e1">also contain</gs> the users and group security identifier (SID) and the <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5f558ddd-18fb-480b-bb17-91d94857d993" id="fa64364e-2291-4c5a-8b88-10def2084da1">privilages</gs> granted to them.</span></div>
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Computer File System and its Types.

File System : Everything is stored as files in a computer system. Files may be stored as application files or data files. E...

Issues Involved in Heterogeneous Network.

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Heterogeneous Network:</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                        </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It is a network connecting computers and other devices with different operating system and protocols<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d20c8cbe-4670-4248-93cf-2fba71104b2c" id="a4faacea-a307-420b-a968-5f07e0277d73"> .</gs> <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d20c8cbe-4670-4248-93cf-2fba71104b2c" id="b8992ff7-7050-4554-b4ff-cc64456fd232">eg</gs>. LAN that connects Microsoft Windows and Linux base personal computers with Apple Macintosh computers are Heterogeneous.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFdU8CalF2mrP_ByB0lxmtJabgvMykfYq48XKLjOUJj0njqHwrxboy7jJiOW5VtWtxB82oCfnCs9wmKCDnx0MtjXWjMc0-kvSbOY7GBT4phteHuTbsPnGiTm9cIAYHhyphenhyphennEQcXfO5lbtpg/s1600/Heterogeneous+Network.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="Heterogeneous Network" border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFdU8CalF2mrP_ByB0lxmtJabgvMykfYq48XKLjOUJj0njqHwrxboy7jJiOW5VtWtxB82oCfnCs9wmKCDnx0MtjXWjMc0-kvSbOY7GBT4phteHuTbsPnGiTm9cIAYHhyphenhyphennEQcXfO5lbtpg/s640/Heterogeneous+Network.jpg" title="Heterogeneous Network" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Heterogeneous Network</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now I discussed the <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f94f2b78-6db2-40fe-af52-361f258a8ed7" id="b9289a3f-7f78-4bf8-a172-c0d2a9c3b714">issues that involve in</gs> a heterogeneous network.</span><br />
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Issues Involve in a Heterogeneous Network:</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">       </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">   There are many issues involved in a heterogeneous network. These networks are more complex a<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="982020a2-794c-41a4-a3dc-4def47290921" id="07b4f9a0-35c1-4edc-9777-3b13811826c0">nd expen</gs>sive<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="982020a2-794c-41a4-a3dc-4def47290921" id="e557be02-438f-4643-84a0-ed6503a44316"> than homogeneous net</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="982020a2-794c-41a4-a3dc-4def47290921" id="a8d9d708-3f42-466c-b616-c9191a2191bf">wo</gs>rk. The heterogenous network is also a wireless network using different access technology.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some major issues that involve in heterogenous network are given below.</span></div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Security Issue</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Software or Installation Issue</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Compatibility Issue</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Cost Issue</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Complexity Issue</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Non Technical person or Training issue</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Configuration Issue</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Connectivity issue</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Handling Issue</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">These are some issues that we may face in a heterogeneous network. Now I discussed these issues in detail.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">
1. Security Issue:  </span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                          </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Almost all the networks or in other organization security <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b6fe6677-7d32-4ab2-add6-aaf7935578eb" id="c55a3e2f-b961-4676-b790-de45c6fc1932">is</gs> the first priority <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b6fe6677-7d32-4ab2-add6-aaf7935578eb" id="d9d56f2a-1c55-4a89-88b4-ff2a35c359d1">now a days</gs>. We can't compromise <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d6cd6539-7215-4066-88d7-63a6686ea293" id="9874a4e6-383d-4ffb-84f4-c4560da5c529">in</gs> security<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d6cd6539-7215-4066-88d7-63a6686ea293" id="3bfe3244-4f2f-4e9b-bfe3-8c4038d3f04a"> ,</gs> we must secure our networks<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d6cd6539-7215-4066-88d7-63a6686ea293" id="40825fdb-3267-4f47-b59b-2244f03d6c96"> ,</gs> accounts<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d6cd6539-7215-4066-88d7-63a6686ea293" id="21938c54-2e81-446a-8fd0-57e5e50e4d4c"> ,</gs> sources, devices, cloud<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d6cd6539-7215-4066-88d7-63a6686ea293" id="22cb6bba-6102-4490-ab08-b3bc3275d66c"> ,</gs> services and app stores.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Every <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b693d31e-7d07-4cd3-b34a-4eb648bba63c" id="a7f41184-46f9-4c14-a8f0-1363846b6450">devices</gs> has its own security measures may be different protocols and operating system. <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fb12bf26-15df-4a5d-a7d0-4218e9ff29b3" id="8921eeb5-491a-4b51-9d1b-94f3300ea79b">So</gs> security management is the major issue to secure the network<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5ad9dd2b-2e6e-41ed-8a89-281c62339823" id="c26accf2-e4f2-4cf4-b31f-44e9bf931c61"> .</gs> <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5ad9dd2b-2e6e-41ed-8a89-281c62339823" id="e60539c4-7e6c-4190-9b69-74673ed65f05">we</gs> must secure our network from internal as well as external th<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="422aa1ed-4402-4e30-85a4-14f608e80467" id="2907e9e7-83f7-44c6-a56d-38b7a817119c">re</gs>a<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="422aa1ed-4402-4e30-85a4-14f608e80467" id="653024c7-bc18-483e-82c0-1a17c92e2a05">ts</gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0468d345-2c98-4c8e-8a58-001a4fa1265e" id="93c471c2-e72a-4fc7-bf93-35fed4870495">, and security management should solve all the security issues and all the possibilities of threats.</gs></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0468d345-2c98-4c8e-8a58-001a4fa1265e"><br /></gs></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">
2. Software or Installation Issue:</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                         </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">To install a different operating system in different devices connected with each other via heterogeneous network is the painful and complex activity. Some software and operating system are not computable for all the devices so we cannot overcome this issue, so we must solve all the software and installation issue to prevent from any type of troubleshooting.       </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="68d98a11-54c6-4a79-8ddf-16c4de90014a" id="6076b8ad-ba6b-47a3-81d6-676927f7bdb7">3.</gs>Compatibility Issue:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this network<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d44646c6-cb5d-407d-b01e-463e1640c3c7" id="8ec86299-fbb2-4f61-ab51-960936f24dad"> ,</gs> the network is hardware dependent and not all hardware products are compatible when we connect two computers, they must use the Same protocols, this is the compatibility issue and we must solve this issue to connect different network successfully.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8a954c43-53bb-4461-895f-aed8ba772c63" id="1c498461-de65-43b4-a4b5-e17dd9750ca3">4.</gs>Cost Issue:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                    </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Cost is also the big issue of heterogeneous network, Because in a heterogeneous </span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4b6e71ea-2e96-429e-8796-9d197e282b70" id="a6c93bd5-7e4e-4c90-89d4-c96133be385f" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">network we</gs><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"> purchase different devices of different companies so due to this reason cost of the network is increased. We must purchase such type of devices that is best for us and also we can afford them</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="019779a0-c502-443e-9cef-6d615ef8f094" id="a9f0e9a2-3ad5-4aa5-8952-980aca8f1f4f">5.</gs>Complexity Issue:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                           </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In heterogeneous <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="06fa9f1e-e8ee-4344-a4ee-a6feaaaeef09" id="d9071805-da88-4526-b398-810552964ffc">network we</gs> connect different devices of different protocols and operating system so to handle these types of network is not a simple or easy task. So it is <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b8a6a125-7963-465e-b9fc-44b1eae5d9e3" id="0650e407-8493-43aa-8d6a-7b15f867c718">very complex network</gs>. Due to different protocols and operating system, it may cause very complexity and it is very complex to handle these networks So we must solve the complexity issue.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4fe4856f-b6cb-428c-9ece-79fad3519670" id="b6aba8d5-b365-4e2c-be77-831c13f24e8a">6.</gs>Non Technical or Training Issue:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                       </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Training is one of the most important issues in a heterogeneous network. It is necessary when different devices communicate with each other in a network frame. To handle different devices is not so easy some training measures necessary for this purpose. People who control or set heterogeneous network must be well trained and have a good communication with network and have ability to solve the any heterogeneous network.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4b7ef2bc-b0ca-4505-9b41-9ce2b647a989" id="5c35c2e0-eac5-4dde-98ec-516fefe1c137">7.</gs>Configuration Issue:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                              </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">To configure a heterogeneous network is a big problem<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6318d950-e02d-4c32-8237-98eecb0e6af9" id="759b848f-91f2-4fcc-857c-0715d4aa869a"> .</gs> Configuration management is <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6318d950-e02d-4c32-8237-98eecb0e6af9" id="f7f110f4-4b9b-4137-9097-7d0ffdd47a1a">may be</gs> not <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6318d950-e02d-4c32-8237-98eecb0e6af9" id="469f004e-6ce9-49fb-ad66-d2da140784ff">exist but</gs> it is necessary to solve the confi<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="04a8725f-5dd2-4c1f-ba3c-5806aff2358d" id="fbf95338-e219-4363-9e87-e1ae6ef34fbf">gu</gs>ration issue. Due to different routers of different of different companies and have a different addresses and protocols so while connecting configuration issue may occur. So we must solve the configuration issue. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ad4674cf-921a-4123-afd9-689c49b5b635" id="696dca57-2ab5-4f0e-8649-2137aec2a5f8">8.</gs>Connectivity Issu</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">e:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                             </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">As we know that in heterogeneous </span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="a0c5f1d7-4636-41d2-9104-6cec9e8bc229" id="9dc17680-db34-4946-95d1-4d44f339d2a5" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">network we</gs><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"> connect devices of different networks of different protocols or operating system so due to different devices that belongs to different companies it may cause connectivity issues</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="a0c5f1d7-4636-41d2-9104-6cec9e8bc229" id="c0e5db54-7474-4024-8919-1d6de21cc87d" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> .</gs><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"> We should resolve all the connectivity issue so </span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8ab5460f-5200-46fa-802f-9f006ab2baf5" id="f0d0af67-4e3f-41f7-b78e-b391aa005e5b" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">we can </gs><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">su</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8ab5460f-5200-46fa-802f-9f006ab2baf5" id="a03f1ef8-ca10-4561-b179-500092bc77ef" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">ccessfully crea</gs><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">te the connectivity of different devices without troubleshooting.</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e6182403-4dbb-4bd8-a247-9b0e318b6bb9" id="eaa256d3-4e7e-46dd-b2e3-e2d1b717e991">9.</gs>Handling Issue:</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                     </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Handling the heterogeneous network is also a major role an<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="55492e68-90da-4f92-9030-deaa775ee595" id="1f00cb8b-af28-4432-a87d-b0381854e5ec">d it is more </gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="55492e68-90da-4f92-9030-deaa775ee595" id="1f00cb8b-af28-4432-a87d-b0381854e5ec">difficult </gs><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="55492e68-90da-4f92-9030-deaa775ee595" id="88b5bcbf-7b47-491f-80f9-1eecae3ecded">t</gs>o handle than homogeneous network<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="761b99b3-ce97-4255-a6c5-b60ec937b678" id="860a345d-92b9-4c59-9cbd-6433099fd6c1"> .</gs> <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="761b99b3-ce97-4255-a6c5-b60ec937b678" id="c2a04986-2275-40b4-8163-85afe0231f16">we</gs> should have well trained people for handling heterogeneous<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="55492e68-90da-4f92-9030-deaa775ee595" id="34bb12ce-e9e7-4bcb-937f-e57ef928c14b"> network</gs>.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> So these are the Some major issues that involve in Heterogeneous Network.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">      </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">              </span></div>
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<div>
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</div>

Issues Involved in Heterogeneous Network.

Heterogeneous Network: It is a network connecting computers and other devices...

Computer Memory and Its Types

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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Here I will <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3a991056-4ad8-43f3-8072-48629627ab2b" id="358bc815-fb9f-4989-8198-be793ea121d5">disscuss</gs> about the two types of memory. One is
RAM and Second is ROM.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">RAM:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">RAM <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5527781d-3477-4302-93de-f5a5924f08c4" id="ccba5c92-7127-4807-9a47-d1f7322aa964">stand</gs> for Random access memory. The RAM is also called
the main memory of the computer. It is called the random access memory because
you can access data from the computers directly<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c9e626b9-5390-4829-876e-c3b95fda8a41" id="fe5581eb-dd3a-428b-aca0-c1268128cad4">(</gs>Randomly). It is also called
the primary memory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">RAM is the volatile memory. The volatile means that the data
that you stored in the main memory can be lost when the power
(electricity)  is turned off. Therefore,
the RAM called can store data and instruction temporarily. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">RAM is read and write memory because <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="61cdfc8c-076f-4a6e-a0c9-ab8fccaae5bc" id="18e68bd2-4d59-49a4-adb2-6ca08deb5d39">CPU</gs> can read and write
instruction form RAM. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">How the RAM is Measured:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The capacity of the RAM is measured is bytes. There are
different <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9ab97b7f-d90e-4441-b854-1349c262a4de" id="4609c406-9ff9-4e50-8966-da6ffd953f36">amount</gs> of RAM’s that is <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9ab97b7f-d90e-4441-b854-1349c262a4de" id="9e5d9b90-e112-4d25-a72f-26931045bf18">comes</gs> <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9ab97b7f-d90e-4441-b854-1349c262a4de" id="75c4a373-b0fb-4c85-8a72-f479d9fadde7">in</gs> <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9ab97b7f-d90e-4441-b854-1349c262a4de" id="8fa5027b-eee3-4e33-a4fb-4aa238b20711">market</gs>. These are from 128 MB to 4GB
and more. RAM <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="90fda74b-76da-4d57-9db4-9988ed3d3588" id="1f047bbc-80c2-464a-bcdd-c7847f18df28">improve</gs> the speed of the computer to process the data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl_99Ioz20lsO9TxDgFeWAmLtVLo4eAwHQIwE5j2bpKuGcDnnez2VDqrKA15ovTwqlRIapJbPFnlc1udEPjbcqGGeFtSQgPbshUUyM6kKpWQXdZ5AMAeE2oUx0_NA55BPOOgGKpqNsX_s/s1600/RAM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="RAM" border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl_99Ioz20lsO9TxDgFeWAmLtVLo4eAwHQIwE5j2bpKuGcDnnez2VDqrKA15ovTwqlRIapJbPFnlc1udEPjbcqGGeFtSQgPbshUUyM6kKpWQXdZ5AMAeE2oUx0_NA55BPOOgGKpqNsX_s/s400/RAM.JPG" title="RAM" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">RAM</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Types of  RAM:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">RAM’s are invented in the using of two different
technologies. Therefore, the RAM is divided into two types are as <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3d520c8a-c881-4745-8ad0-a6989efbd762" id="270012b2-9d5b-486f-a66d-ddd99a1e32c7">follow</gs>:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(i)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">                 
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>DRAM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(ii)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">               
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>SRAM<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">DRAM:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                DRAM
stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. This type of RAM <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0e1c0df9-b241-4674-8551-3fe3b5e8d19a" id="f17ee210-8393-4fd6-98f9-ab89e26c7ef2">is mostly use</gs> in
<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0e1c0df9-b241-4674-8551-3fe3b5e8d19a" id="142fea55-1f01-49fe-b532-5f09c74e4c26">coputer system</gs>. If you want to maintain data in DRAM, the data must be
refreshed with electric charge again and again otherwise you <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="70374f78-49ed-4abd-bec9-5944df66867c" id="94fa1e0d-929b-48a5-a5c9-923ff0b4e8c3">must lost</gs> your
data. Because it <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="85718f3c-c007-496b-a394-2e11ef2ce55d" id="51aadc52-a7a5-43aa-87b7-f8e8d37cd8aa">charge</gs> with electric charge <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="85718f3c-c007-496b-a394-2e11ef2ce55d" id="5e4878e2-4d83-4382-8e60-b5a4c2b7ffd0">agnai</gs> and <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="85718f3c-c007-496b-a394-2e11ef2ce55d" id="b9dd7ff9-c651-489f-abd1-c54094e73d94">agin therefore</gs>, it
<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="85718f3c-c007-496b-a394-2e11ef2ce55d" id="162000b6-0391-43f2-96a6-dfd0b547996d">utilize</gs> more power. It is slow in working because the COU can not read and
write data to and from the DRAM.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">SRAM:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> SRAM
stands for Static Ramdon Access Memory. It does not need to refreshed the data
with electric charge <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="89b9b418-0c0f-47b0-b754-9b5b98290c68" id="91804037-a9b0-4337-8bcf-12f582175566">agin</gs> and again. It is <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ef6c200c-7225-4621-b0ae-dada571f0541" id="4964c795-4204-48f2-b7b1-87dd2f819555">fast</gs> then DRAM because <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ef6c200c-7225-4621-b0ae-dada571f0541" id="00cf7304-2dc6-4de5-a4da-96c89292c2c7">CPU</gs> does not have
to wait to access data from SRAM. Because it does not <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6fc74e09-300e-48e0-a785-641b62ea6ecf" id="d0c86437-46a7-4488-950a-0e310b48c09a">refreshed</gs> with electric
charge again and <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6fc74e09-300e-48e0-a785-641b62ea6ecf" id="22de6ac7-28c5-464d-b25c-21c0c7499eee">agiain therefore</gs> it <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6fc74e09-300e-48e0-a785-641b62ea6ecf" id="02217dc4-6c0a-42cd-a161-c1b09595b802">utilize</gs> less power <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6fc74e09-300e-48e0-a785-641b62ea6ecf" id="1c583715-b80f-43cb-bcc7-389b00813dac">then</gs> DRAM. It is <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e3018b0d-f369-48d8-ada2-00d6a62a4943" id="a3982965-0d85-4569-9be7-fd3c2d3704b2">use</gs> <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e3018b0d-f369-48d8-ada2-00d6a62a4943" id="1a625af6-65e7-4f8e-9fee-606f5d62a72a">to
built</gs> very fast memories. It <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c27d26c6-cee6-4110-a1bb-8024a18551a1" id="fa8218bc-7284-488a-ad2c-4a6eaf210548">is also know</gs> as<i>
cache memory</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">What is cache Memory……….??? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Cache memory is very fast memory. It <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="275729d4-1133-457c-8e4e-87e2345f8e7f" id="ed4a240e-8532-4229-a93c-34c9d6fb06e8">exist</gs> Between RAM and
CPU. It has <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="1a2f9ee9-5d65-4c6d-b1cd-4554369577f1" id="6f6a05bb-47f3-47eb-8752-0768eb8ef634">very low storage memory</gs> as compared to the RAM. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <o:p><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">  CPU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="height: 56px; margin-left: 60px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 113px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="56" src="file:///C:/Users/QASIMM~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="113" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Cache<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Memory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">RAM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Cashe memory is used to increase the performance of the
computer sy<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="a5e8a957-6333-4bf1-8eaf-bf5d198d93da" id="f1050931-d427-4140-9e3c-696a0a5f8fb2">stem.</gs> The data that is frequently used is stored in cache memory.
When you want to run any program or data in the computer system the CPU first
look in the cache memory. If the CPU found it in cache memory then he take that
data from it so it increase the working sp<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="359e1066-9669-457a-bc11-39fef027bcf3" id="2508b4c7-a2a1-4e7e-a6f6-3abe2342542e">eed of the </gs>comp<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="359e1066-9669-457a-bc11-39fef027bcf3" id="d61c4637-24f6-4699-b7f0-6f1565356fc8">uter</gs> system. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">ROM</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">             <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="359e1066-9669-457a-bc11-39fef027bcf3" id="a87e1f4e-b5e1-4d1d-be6d-0c21c0e06366">   ROM
s</gs>tand for Read Only Memory. The ROM is the internal memory of the c<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e0107d89-1fb0-4012-a927-9ba13c0d0852" id="49d0c4ac-c967-4cd7-9f6b-945f3352a270">omput</gs>er
system. The data and instruction are stored by menufacturere at the time of the
manufacturing. The data and instru<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ad2bf09d-8fa3-47b1-a087-ebc3ec7926d0" id="f42e9ad6-e75c-4c9d-ac42-f03b01756197">ction that is</gs> storred in ROM cannot be
deleted afterward.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">ROM is used to store dat<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d73d148d-6644-4c9d-9cf3-f1045383223c" id="af4c216a-9650-4a5f-ba71-3c228df7f322">a and
i</gs>nstruction permanently. It<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d73d148d-6644-4c9d-9cf3-f1045383223c" id="0c7ef2af-bf26-4928-b9f8-d833e5db1cf0"> mean tha</gs>t<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c0648856-3a10-48d4-b395-c4e0c358b3c9" id="f6fbbcbc-0557-44d1-9468-27d55d340ed5"> th</gs>e data is not lost when the power is
turned off. Theref<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5eea47ca-1d2f-47f9-893a-3837ad4e286a" id="d8df7e99-32b4-446f-9261-62fe422b820b">or i</gs>t is called non-volatile memory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">ROM is used to store data and
instruction permanently, and also use<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9daa8bd3-63f5-418c-8ac0-3a2b836b779f" id="310f757a-f131-40d8-b8a9-27d0a1277319">d t</gs>o control the basis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">inputand output operations of the computer system</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">Types of RO</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">M:</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">r</span><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4491c27d-cd9b-4db5-a218-fcd585663408" id="f9ddb180-8c09-4e7d-ba15-0d4f82f7b891" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">e are th</gs><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">ree types of ROM are as follow:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">       </span><span dir="LTR"></span>PROM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">       </span><span dir="LTR"></span>EPROM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c1143733-abfd-44ff-ad53-6c7942c51830" id="06c140f8-ab41-45cf-a610-6e2d12e0efc7">3.</gs><span style="font-stretch: normal;">       </span><span dir="LTR"></span>EEPROM<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">PROM:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                     </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">   PROM
stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. This types of ROM is initially blank
and user cand write data and instru<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e021631e-1c1f-4cbc-a846-08b60017927a" id="6093acd1-e7f7-44d3-9ddc-050c76aa276a">ction</gs> on it by using some special devices<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e021631e-1c1f-4cbc-a846-08b60017927a" id="2bd42464-9c05-476f-b983-cd8a907830f2">. If</gs>
the data is written once in the computer system, it cannot be erased. If any
error occur while writing the programmed it cannot be deleted afterward.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">E<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d5404154-61c4-4e05-9dbf-4592e31b6233" id="3dd78309-b610-49fb-9f24-11bf67aae626">PROM:</gs></span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d5404154-61c4-4e05-9dbf-4592e31b6233"><br /></gs></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d5404154-61c4-4e05-9dbf-4592e31b6233"><br /></gs></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">EPROM stands for
Erasable Programmable Read Only Me<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d5404154-61c4-4e05-9dbf-4592e31b6233" id="016e4cdd-4ad3-4dd2-b7c3-cb2acbd28f83">mory. Thi</gs>s types of ROM is initially blank
and user cand write data and instru<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d2ba32c6-c8f1-47be-9c75-578380cbe8a2" id="5b4aa2d1-ed5a-4bad-ab46-b3ed6c244afd">ction</gs> on it by using some special devices<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d2ba32c6-c8f1-47be-9c75-578380cbe8a2" id="939a578c-dd76-496b-8723-56943f02c9a6">.
Ho</gs>wever, the data is written in it can be erased using some special devices or
ultraviolet rays. If any error occur the data can be deleted and new data can
be created.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">EEPROM </span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">EPROM stands for
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This types of ROM is
initially blank and user can write data and instruc<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d0b466a4-9485-4726-81fe-f905ba39952b" id="a78e02e2-3643-4ca9-9e33-b09ccb7422d3">tion </gs>on it by using
electrical devices. However, the data is written in it can be erased . If any
error occur the data can be deleted and new data can be c<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="a3c13a22-f3aa-45fe-8bc9-3cdf81c9691a" id="48f245c8-464e-4a5e-899c-842a094371a4">re</gs>ated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
</div>

Computer Memory and Its Types

Here I will disscuss about the two types of memory. One is RAM and Second is ROM. RAM: RAM stand for Random access memory. Th...

Computer Architecture

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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/MIPS_Architecture_%28Pipelined%29.svg/800px-MIPS_Architecture_%28Pipelined%29.svg.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Computer Architecture</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">          </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">  <b><span style="line-height: 107%;">Co</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">mputer Architecture</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Here I will discuss you the Architects of the computer
system. How the components and parts of the computer are interrelated to each
other, how they work together and also discuss about the working of these components
(parts).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">What is <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dbde2ad8-cb1c-42e6-ac92-b616e788efbf" id="1b3d4c56-685e-48cc-8c3b-6e9a903fad9a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="df29580c-3192-471d-86dc-0cf0f3f786b1" id="9a141930-a364-4bf0-a7c6-0fff59d2ceb3">computer</gs></gs> Architecture?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>Def:</i></b> “The way in which the components/parts of the computer
system are connected to one another is called computer architecture.”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Computer Architecture in define in the various ways. Here I discuss
you one of these.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">There are two different <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ef64ed11-9163-4c42-8b6f-49980601d571" id="cd7b246c-8297-49dc-a337-fe89eb4f27a7"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="c6c01d7b-cf17-47ee-80fc-e59c91d55931" id="1929dbcd-7f87-4c14-b193-a87c5e104108">scientist</gs></gs> that describe the
architecture of the computer system…………….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(i)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">                 
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Von Neumann Architecture<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(ii)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">               
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Macro Architecture<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now I will discuss Von Neumann Architecture in detail. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Von Neumann with his team proposed a design in 1951. He
<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="18a180b9-05db-4707-82dd-6516b0b2072a" id="6a429ec1-081b-4ff3-956d-5eb2b79a6dac"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="43adf41d-6480-44a1-9bbe-fb5f24bd2dd2" id="894fe1f0-ff2b-489c-bdac-86d14633e339">design</gs></gs> a system to store the computer program in <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="18a180b9-05db-4707-82dd-6516b0b2072a" id="266b1a72-2f8d-4082-a450-e08aafc19610"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="43adf41d-6480-44a1-9bbe-fb5f24bd2dd2" id="86a86219-0af9-4f7f-9e53-140dcab840a5">computer</gs></gs>. The data or program <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="daf67c91-3163-48b3-a244-a2b77e01e8a5" id="4e378fc6-70d5-4cf9-a08d-513c98dcd27b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8dd89441-89fc-45da-a037-85ada812de63" id="3a9bea8e-300f-4d08-b5ea-f65834e3b962">are
stored</gs></gs> in the computer memory. The different part of the computer <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dac90603-bf47-4dea-af74-4b86fcc4575a" id="569ce0ea-8bf0-4dcb-8687-a10dfc026c5b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8900f076-e2c8-4494-8fa7-8b3ecc03998f" id="35772255-96ca-414c-b1db-622f8f87d744">read</gs></gs> <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="dac90603-bf47-4dea-af74-4b86fcc4575a" id="00e7c55a-a42d-4e7d-aa22-641a19c4a86a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="8900f076-e2c8-4494-8fa7-8b3ecc03998f" id="c6d27033-832f-46fd-8bfa-99949ab965e0">these
instruction</gs></gs> one by one and execute them to take action on them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Note: the most of the modern
computer <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="a2c4566c-5cfe-4981-85b8-bd8c04580f1e" id="afbbedf1-aae9-4502-8744-d587ce57159a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3e733c11-227b-482f-a00c-206ab9614c4b" id="ca2c7f3a-182f-47ed-9442-48159ab0c91e">are</gs></gs> design according to this design.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Components/parts of the computer
system:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Components/parts of the computer
system is as <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b890f410-de3f-4e97-afb6-fe31377a1a4d" id="f706b5f2-a9b9-4c6e-8c06-b2cb2dde1437"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="47ce929a-51b7-4433-b559-51357bb00b99" id="a91d604c-02b4-495c-94c7-e113e1cf7467">follow</gs></gs>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(1)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">               
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>CPU<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="61ecffc7-4881-48cd-808b-d0756aa0b5f4" id="efcbbe86-990e-4dae-873b-66f0413ae3d0"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="83578393-a60d-4181-b464-c3eb2e3bb1cb" id="28f6bb26-d5d0-4cf3-8201-38a953e59767">(</gs></gs>Central processing
unit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(2)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">               
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Main Memory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(3)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">               
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Input/unit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(4)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">               
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bus interconnection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now I briefly describe these
components below:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">CPU:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">CPU stands for
Central Processing unit. It is considered as the brain of the computer. It is
also simply called <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b2b71601-77f1-495c-9cd7-92378a4af9c5" id="3a3d67b6-42a9-4ec1-a1f2-376d756ff2ea"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="5423624c-0507-42ba-a676-8ca9b0eb6238" id="771ccbb1-2cae-4dd5-82d9-1486de77919d">processer</gs></gs>. It has two <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="76690a39-8e82-4e57-8dd6-5da405bcc923" id="46b21874-8048-4e3c-94c5-16c91a5047cc"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="65c6fb8f-04a4-4ede-b12b-6e2c160e0af4" id="9dcb61c1-b3af-43ba-941e-4d5c11d10089">farther</gs></gs> components. These parts or
components <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f754d481-8527-41a8-96bb-17ede82cc0f0" id="90833044-4361-4aa0-82e2-d49b89a04c04"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9e48c87c-088f-4f90-b697-b7c3f33a2bdf" id="600a5293-aa2a-4bba-b040-67d948682a56">as follow</gs></gs>. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Control unit:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="51bfdb1a-a90c-40a0-8386-b2786845216f" id="6af81f53-e587-49eb-b6fb-b7ef5e607978"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf78db1b-c8f0-4370-87ed-1bad1cd5b31c" id="d4847026-dd8d-402d-b97a-23c631d56422">Control unit</gs></gs> is the most important part of the <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="51bfdb1a-a90c-40a0-8386-b2786845216f" id="6107d5fa-9fc1-48a4-9ce6-e7bda9f23e8c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="cf78db1b-c8f0-4370-87ed-1bad1cd5b31c" id="2e7ac252-76f4-4e1b-ad0d-45eeedeed766">processer</gs></gs>. It works like a
supervisor of the computer system. It works as an interconnection of all the
components in <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fee72138-355a-4cb8-a659-78bdafd8e838" id="b0f76cb8-a738-45cb-8a16-7890d4a760db"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9f18cf05-ce04-4c79-bb08-73cf0ffd284d" id="5ba2b25a-3999-4aed-a685-1e03f72c3e7b">computer system</gs></gs>. The instruction <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9126b541-a441-48c5-8c65-50d7fb0d8728" id="71d7b248-5a07-4b91-8c45-4c38b06137b8"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3d004c84-bc53-4a84-b654-1dec507ddde5" id="5d63863d-4769-47f5-8d38-8852186d617f">execute</gs></gs> one by one.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">ALU:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">ALU stands for Arithmetic
and logic unit. It <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7f4a9bd4-98fa-42c8-b57c-83c8498eb284" id="969d1dad-e5a0-49df-924a-7e9822a925b4"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="862a34bf-18aa-43f2-a9b5-98b93fb9a1f8" id="5ee7b0b1-cfb2-40c9-a2f8-e841976d5bdf">is use</gs></gs> to perform all arithmetic operations in the computer
system.<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Main Memory:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Main
memory is used to store data and instructions. First of all, the data is loaded
in the memory and then the <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="2a168fea-325f-4a78-b1c9-76081ab64f36" id="4135522a-b6e6-49a3-a4bc-936b0cfe5193"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="90e1736b-e067-4c07-bb80-13ffc173b267" id="94cac5c0-284d-4836-879f-31a7495b89f8">cpu</gs></gs> take it for further processing. Therefore,  The main memory is also known as the working
area of the computer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The computer system consists of two types of memory these
<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="e9e71de5-3fd2-4164-a04d-da600239b306" id="05ec8db9-1865-41f9-bf54-e0fe30446eb8"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b28da961-e2b3-48a9-bee2-28a59aa3c13a" id="ac8dd33c-9a67-4b0b-8259-4e9b64654d87">are as</gs></gs> follow:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">       </span><span dir="LTR"></span>RAM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">      </span><span dir="LTR"></span>ROM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The explanation of these<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d189e3e2-864e-4441-b911-0f57c198ef83" id="58c90fa3-cce6-40f3-be2d-e5cc7b3416d5"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="9ce039b5-2af6-4e69-9aac-2c07829681fb" id="b5f6c1db-da96-4206-aaf4-1d7940adbb9e">(</gs></gs>RAM & ROM) discussed later:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The structure of Main Memory:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now I define How the main memory made. There are few steps
to <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="36144dd4-72a9-487f-856b-159a30ef832b" id="e68189cd-9185-420b-902a-3a36a51eb1d3"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="47259a35-d929-4a79-96fa-8179ea2a2505" id="7999207a-efd6-4b3a-b114-33caec8f0a6e">made</gs></gs> the main memory. These are as <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fc037059-23c8-445c-a096-09dc89402640" id="5bada9df-4f01-450e-8bed-3addb36674d9"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="eb754c98-1878-4996-9d1a-886679543b48" id="2fbaa278-3442-48be-a244-f10ffe0efdc6">follow</gs></gs>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">       </span><span dir="LTR"></span>The main memory is built in the form of <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7c61aedf-4f18-4ae5-9bee-c02c604204a6" id="2f99df9d-3422-4bf9-a460-82a4c008b63c"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="fcaf15f9-4585-4812-a553-3b5f27c2b29d" id="aa24df8f-2cf2-4acd-9d0a-081bb7014607">chip</gs></gs>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">       </span><span dir="LTR"></span>These chips are made from semi-conductor material.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The main memory of the computer
consists of millions of cells. Every one cell can store one bit. Bit stands for
binary digit<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="b6c7bf3a-71c0-4886-b4a3-1159ee3eb1d0" id="3f48805f-fb52-46f1-bc66-8dae42af686b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7835bccb-a299-4c93-9fe9-be02eec797a4" id="d915ae43-9686-48c3-8667-304e68b9e026">(</gs></gs>0,1). These cells are organized in groups. Each group is <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="14563e5e-3dff-4620-91b1-4a322a02e114" id="eeedd410-bc5e-4db2-b089-d54e43279b4a"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ebc47e2a-b381-4ac2-b9c8-274a72fdb5e0" id="957a541c-5778-4949-bd21-e295d46638ca">called
byte</gs></gs>. For example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
 <tbody>
<tr>
  <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.4pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .8in;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .8in;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .8in;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .8in;" valign="top" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.2pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The example that is described is called one
bye. Each byte that <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7d836840-939b-4f0c-9ed0-1a62ff8acbb6" id="1a027809-f85f-4c05-89b6-2b2460a5be04"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="96f5131b-35c7-4ab2-adac-d94d8548c7b7" id="5cb9a750-2ea4-4054-987a-98a2559bc27f">is exist</gs></gs> in the memory has a unique number that is assigned
to it according to the data. These numbers are called the <i>address of the byte.</i><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">How to access data in the main
memory….???</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The accessing of the data from main memory
is <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="a318047f-6422-4866-b646-4d853f529702" id="bcb5778a-020c-4582-860b-46cd04014743"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="7e704d6c-8182-448e-8b6f-d4c33d887a08" id="c06035f9-8347-4100-92a3-83f41523eda6">very easy method</gs></gs>. Actually, the main memory <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="df9f990e-48b0-499b-b29e-a850f348b0a4" id="9ab3f7a7-0ee2-460c-af4b-520d5ae1f3fb"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="6086d175-870d-4b3d-b558-9f90fd008fb7" id="4cc073f0-b220-4632-8bd5-a51babf35984">is consist</gs></gs> of different
collection of bytes that is arranged. You can access any byte by accessing its
address. You can access directly or randomly.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">I/O unit:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The
input/output unit of the computer system is used to <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d05b0180-ba73-4cca-a1a7-2f5b22a7c81d" id="984f73fb-2cf6-4b9c-9f54-c69d7adf92ce"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4b3d2d85-0b02-45ab-99f3-063fd37a3294" id="bfa05fdf-7dea-4436-8bfa-2564c60f7cdd">flow</gs></gs> the information from
<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="d05b0180-ba73-4cca-a1a7-2f5b22a7c81d" id="218fe120-8923-487c-b361-0dd823047678"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4b3d2d85-0b02-45ab-99f3-063fd37a3294" id="9be8efc5-8c60-4ba0-bb28-02540b32cc47">CPU</gs></gs> and the I/o devices. The i/o devices <gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="0a5661b0-82f6-491f-ab25-89c766c2a40c" id="720a7319-c437-4735-bbe0-7078b701be9b"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="011af30f-a91b-416c-86e6-fbb7ff9c0d99" id="1e28725d-2474-46ac-a08f-be63539c66e0">is also called</gs></gs> the peripheral devices.
These devices are keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer etc. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bus Interconnection:</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The
bus interconnection is used as the medium or communication channel between
different components of the computer system. It means that the data or
instruction and the control signal flow with the help of buss interconnection
<gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="a4550d26-9c61-4e13-9504-38052407a28c" id="25f31855-2511-4980-968c-29e665d365a4"><gs class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="f4f88365-53e2-4126-90c3-7778ea45682b" id="950537d1-0bd5-4868-86da-fe26a888a4de">from</gs></gs> one part of the computer to another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                       </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>

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