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Physics Chapter 9 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.9 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />9.1: Wave Fronts1.  Wave Fronts<br /> <br />9.2: Huygen's principle1. Huygen's principle<br /><br />9.3: Interferance of Light Waves1. Interferance of Light Waves<br /> <br />9.4: Young's Double slit Experiment1. Young's Double slit Experiment<br />2. More on Young's Double slit Experiment<br />3. More on Young's Double slit Experiment<br />4. More on Young's Double slit Experiment<br /> <br />9.5: Interference in Thin Films1. Interference in Thin Films<br /><br />9.6: Newton's Rings1. Newton's Rings<br /> <br />9.7: Michelson's Interferometer1. Michelson's Interferometer<br />2. Michelson's Interferometer<br /> <br />9.8: Diffraction of Light1. Diffraction of Light<br /> <br />9.9: Diffraction due to a Narrow slit1. Diffraction due to a Narrow slit<br /> <br />9.10: Diffraction Grating1. Diffraction Grating<br />2. More on Diffraction Grating<br /> <br />9.11: Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals1. Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals<br />2. More on Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals<br /> </span></span><br />
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<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">9.12: Polarization</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.  Polarization</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Production and Detection of Plane Polarized Light</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Optical Rotation</span></span></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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Physics Chapter 9 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.9 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 8 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.8 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />8.1: Progressive Waves1. Progressive Waves<br />2. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves<br /> <br />8.2: Periodic Waves1. Periodic Waves<br />2. Transverse periodic Waves<br />3. Phase Relationship between two Points on a Wave<br />4. Longitudinal Periodic Waves<br /> <br />8.3: Speed of Sound in Air1. Binomial Theorem<br />2. Speed of Sound in Air<br />3. Laplace's Correction<br />4. Effects of Various Factors on Speed of Sound in Air<br />5. More on Effects of Various Factors on Speed of Sound in Air<br />6. More on Effects of Various Factors on Speed of Sound in Air<br /> <br />8.4: Principle of Superposition1. Principle of Superposition<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8.5: Interference1. Interference<br />2. More on Interference<br />3. More on Interference<br /> <br />8.6: Beats1. Beats<br /> <br />8.7: Reflection of waves1. Reflection of waves<br />8.8: Stationary waves1. Stationary waves<br />2. More on Stationary waves<br /> <br />8.9: Stationary waves in a Stretched String1. Stationary waves in a Stretched String<br />2. More on Stationary waves in a Stretched String<br /> <br />8.10: Stationary Waves in Air Columns1. Stationary Waves in Air Columns<br />2. More on Stationary Waves in Air Columns<br /> <br />8.11: Doppler Effect1.  Doppler Effect<br />2.  Doppler Effect: When Source at Rest, Observer is Moving<br />3.  Doppler Effect: When Observer at Rest, Source is Moving<br />4.  Doppler Effect: When both Source and Observer ae Moving<br />5. Applications of Doppler Effect<br />6. More on Applications of Doppler Effect<br />7. More on Applications of Doppler Effect<br /> <br /><br /></span></span><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" data-auto-height="false" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_48528" scrolling="no" src="https://www.scribd.com/embeds/128133143/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" width="100%"></iframe>

Physics Chapter 8 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.8 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 7 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.7 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<br />
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.1: Simple Harmonic Motion </span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.1&v=P-11-12-oscillations-1">Simple Harmonic Motion </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.1&v=P-11-12-oscillations-1a">More on Simple Harmonic Motion </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.1&v=P-11-12-oscillations-2">Instantaneous Displacement and Amplitude of Vibration</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.1&v=P-11-12-oscillations-2a">Some other Parameters of Simple Harmonic Motion</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.2: SHM and Uniform Circular Motion </span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.2&v=P-11-12-oscillations-3">SHM and Uniform Circular Motion </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.2&v=P-11-12-oscillations-4">Displacement</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.2&v=P-11-12-oscillations-5">Instantaneous Velocity</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.2&v=P-11-12-oscillations-6">Acceleration in Terms of ?</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.3: Phase</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.3&v=P-11-12-oscillations-7">Phase</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.4: A Horizontal Mass Spring system</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.4&v=P-11-12-oscillations-8">A Horizontal Mass Spring system</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.5: Simple Pendulum</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.5&v=P-11-12-oscillations-9">Simple Pendulum</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.6: Energy conservation in SHM</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.6&v=P-11-12-oscillations-10">Energy conservation in SHM</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.6&v=P-11-12-oscillations-10a">More on Energy conservation in SHM</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.7: Free and Forced Oscillations</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.7&v=P-11-12-oscillations-17">Free and Forced Oscillations</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.8: Resonance</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.8&v=p-9-10-shm-16">Introduction to Resonance</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.8&v=P-11-12-oscillations-21">Advantages and Disadvantages of Resonance</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.9: Damped Oscillations</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.9&v=p-9-10-shm-9">Damped Oscillations</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.10: Sharpness of Resonance</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.10&v=P-11-12-oscillations-20">Sharpness of Resonance</a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Physics Chapter 7 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.7 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 6 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.6 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />6.1: Viscous Drag and Strokes Law1. Viscous Drag and Stokes Law<br /> <br />6.2: Terminal Velocity 1. Advanced Terminal Velocity<br />6.3: Fluid Flow1. Fluid Flow<br />6.4: Equation of Continuity1. Equation of Continuity<br />6.5: Bernoulli's Equation 1. Bernoulli's Equation <br />2. More on Bernoulli's Equation <br />6.6: Applications of Bernoulli's Equation 1. Torricelli's Theorem<br />2. Relation Between Speed and Pressure of the Fluid<br />3. More on Relation Between Speed and Pressure of the Fluid<br />4. Venturi Relation<br />5. Blood Flow<br /></span></span><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" data-auto-height="false" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_83636" scrolling="no" src="https://www.scribd.com/embeds/128128111/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" width="100%"></iframe>

Physics Chapter 6 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.6 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 5 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.5 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes. </span><br />
<div style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Following sections of Chapter are covered in these notes.</span></div>
<div style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px;">
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.1: Angular Displacement</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Angular Displacement</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. More on Angular Displacement</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.2: Angular Velocity</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Angular Velocity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.3: Angular Acceleration </span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Angular Acceleration </span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.4: Relation Between Angular and Linear Velocities</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Relation Between Angular and Linear Velocities</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. Equation of Angular Motion</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.5: Centripetal Forces</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Centripetal Forces</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. More on Centripetal Forces</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.6: Moment of Inertia</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Moment of Inertia</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. more on Moment of Inertia</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.7: Angular Momentum</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Angular Momentum</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. More on Angular Momentum</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.8:  Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.9: Rotational Kinetic Energy</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Rotational Kinetic Energy</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. Rotational Kinetic Energy of a Disc and Hoop</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.10: Artificial Satellites</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Artificial Satellites</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.11: Real and Apparent weight</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Real and Apparent weight</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.12: Weightlessness in Satellites and Gravity Free System</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. weightlessness in Satellites and Gravity Free system</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.13: Orbital Velocity</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1.  Orbital Velocity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.14: Artifical Gravity</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Artifical Gravity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.15: Geostationary Orbits</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Geostationary Orbits</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.16: Communication Satellites</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Communication Satellites</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.17: Newton's and Einstein's Views of Gravitation</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1.  Newton's and Einstein's Views of Gravitation</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Physics Chapter 5 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.5 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 4 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.4 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />4.1: Work Done by a Constant Forces1. Work Done by a Constant Forces<br /> <br />4.2: Work Done By a Variable Forces1. Work Done By a Variable Forces<br /><br />4.3: Work done by Gravitational Field1. Work done by Gravitational Field<br />2. More on Work done by Gravitational Field<br />3. Prove that the work done along a closed path in a gravitational Field<br /> <br />4.4: Power1. Introduction to Power<br />2. Power and velocity<br /> <br />4.5: Energy1. Introduction to Energy <br />2. Problem on Law of Conservation of Energy <br />3. Potential Energy<br />4. Work-Energy Principle<br />5. Absolute Potential Energy<br />6. More on Absolute Potential energy<br />7. Escape Velocity<br /> <br />4.6: Inter conversion of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy1. Interconversion of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy<br /> <br />4.7: Conservation of Energy1. Advance law of Conservation of Energy<br /> <br />4.8: Non Conventional Energy sources1. Energy from Tides<br />2. Energy from Waves<br />3. Solar Energy<br />4. Energy from Biomass<br />5. Energy from Waste product<br />6. Geothermal Energy<br /><br /><br /> </span><br />
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Physics Chapter 4 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.4 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 3 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.3 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3.1: Displacement1. Difference between Distance and Displacement</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />3.2: Velocity1. Introduction to velocity<br /><br />3.3: Acceleration1. Introduction to Acceleration</b><br />2. Average Acceleration and Retardation</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.4: Velocity-Time Graph1. Speed-time Graph</b></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.5: Review of Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Review of Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.6: Newton's Laws of Motion </b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. First Law of Newton<br />2. Second Law of Newton<br />3. Third Law of Newton</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />3.7: Momentum1. Advanced Momentum</b><br />2. Momentum and Newton's Second Law of motion<br />3. Impulse<br />4. Law of Conservation of Momentum</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.8: Elastic and Inelastic Collisions</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Elastic and Inelastic Collisions<br />2. Elastic Collision in one Dimension <br />3. More on Elastic Collision in one Dimension <br />4. Some Cases of Elastic Collision</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />3.9: Force due to water Flow1. Force due to water Flow</b></span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.10: Momentum and Explosive Forces </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Momentum and Explosive Forces</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.11: Rocket Propulsion1. Rocket Propulsion</b><br /><b>3.12: Projectile Motion</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Projectile Motion<br />2. More on Projectile Motion<br />3. Features of Projectile<br />4. More on Features of Projectile<br />5. Application to Ballistic Missiles</span></span><br />
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Physics Chapter 3 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.3 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 2 XI Notes

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<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.2 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Following sections of Chapter are covered in these notes.</span></div>
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All Exercise Questions and Reasoning Questions are solved in following Notes.<br />
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<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.1: Basic Concepts of Vectors</span></th></tr>
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<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Scalars and Vectors</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Rectangular Coordinate system</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Addition of Forces</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. Resultant Vectors </span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">5. Vectors Subtraction</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">6. Multiplication of Vector by a scalar</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">7. Unit and Null vector</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">8. Rectangular Components of a Vector</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">9. Determination of a Vector from its Rectangular Components</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">10. Position and Equal Vectors</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
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<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.2: Vector Addition by Rectangular Components</span></th></tr>
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<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Vector Addition by Rectangular Components</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Steps of vector Addition by Rectangular Components</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
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<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.3: Product of two Vectors</span></th></tr>
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<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Product of two Vectors</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Scalar or Dot product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Characteristics of Scalar Product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. Vector or Cross Product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">5. Characteristics of Cross Product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">6. Example of Vector product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
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<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.4: Torque</span></th></tr>
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<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Introduction to Torque or Moment of a Force</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. More on Torque</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.5: Equlibrium of Forces</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Introduction to Equilibrium</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Equilibrium of Bodies Under the Action of Coplanar Forces</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
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<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.6: Equilibrium of Torques</span></th></tr>
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<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Conditions for Equilibrium</span></td></tr>
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Physics Chapter 2 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.2 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful t...

Physics Chapter 1 XI Notes

Physics Chapter 1 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.1 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to ...

Newton`s Laws of Motion

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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">       <span style="font-size: x-large;"> MOTION</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The motion and its causes was one of the main problem for the physicists.It remained unsolved for a long time.Galileo was among-est the earliest scientists who tried to solve this problem and pointed out that the motion of a body continues along a straight line unless there is some force that causes it to change the state of motion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                           In 1687 Newton in his book "philosophine naturalis principia mathematica" meaning "The mathematical principles of natural philosophy" in which he mainly studied motion,of planets and other heavenly bodies.In his book Newton sums up the basic principles of motion in three laws which are as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">     <span style="font-size: x-large;">      Newton`s First Law Of Motion</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">                    <span style="font-size: large;"> We observe in every day life that an object at rest remains in the state of rest unless it is acted upon by some external force. For example a book is lying on the table can not change its position by itself  unless a force is applied to change its position.Similarly if we push a ball on the ground it should continue its uniform motion indefinitely but it stops after covering certain distance.As soon as the ball starts moving, a force (force of friction) comes into play which opposes the motion of the ball.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                  These observations were summed up by newton in his first law of motion which states that</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                 <i>"<b>Every object continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external force which changes its state of rest or of uniform motion."</b></i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The following two conclusions can be drawn from newton`s first law of motion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">1) Force is an agent which produces or tends to produce change in the state of rest or of motion of an object.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">2) All the material objects possess the property of opposing any change in their shape of rest or of uniform motion.This property of matter by virtue of which an object resists a change in its state of rest or motion is called inertia.Thus Newton`s first law of motion is also called the law of inertia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;"> Newton`s Second Law of motion</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                              Newton`s first law of motion has given us a simple definition of  force as an agent that changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of an object.For the determination of this force ,through mathematical calculation,Newton derived a definite relationship between the force acting on an object,the mass of the object,and the acceleration produced.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Newton summarized these results in the form of a law which is known as Newton`s Second Law of Motion.It is stated as,</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">"When a force acts on an object,it produces acceleration in the object in its own direction.This acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force."</span></i></b></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Suppose a force F is applied on an object of mass M which produces acceleration A in the direction of the applied force then the relationship between acceleration and force can be mathematically expressed as:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">                                                             A<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">∝F</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Similarly for acceleration and mass the relationship can be written as:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">                                                            A<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">∝ 1/M</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"> combining equations </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 25.6px;">                                                           A</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">∝ F/M</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Or                                                      F </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">∝</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"> MA</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">                                                          F = K.MA</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">                        where K is constant of proportionality</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">    I<span style="font-size: large;">rrespective of any system of units,if the acceleration produced in body of unit mass is unity when a force of unit magnitude is applied,then obviously K=1,  So</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;">                                                          <span style="font-size: large;">F = MA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;">I<span style="font-size: large;">n the system international,the unit mass is kg and that of acceleration is m/s^2, the corresponding unit of force is kg m/s^2 which is termed as Newton(N).</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">  Thus force acting on a body is said to be of 1 newton if it produces acceleration of 1 m/s^2 in the body of mass 1 kg in the direction of the applied force. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">Before describing Newton`s third law of motion let us consider the following examples,</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">1)Place your hand on a table and press it hard in the downward direction,you will feel that the table is also exerting a force on your hand in the upward direction.The force applied by your hand on the table in the downward direction is called action while the push up of the table on your hand in the upward direction is called reaction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">2) Consider a book of weight W which is placed on a horizontal table.It pushes the table with a force F in the downward direction.This is action of the book on the table.In response to this action the table also pushes the book in the upward direction.Since the book is at rest,the resultant force F acting on  the book must be zero that is </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">                                      F=0</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">Two Forces are acting on the book.They are:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">                  1)The force of gravity acting downward also called weight of book.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25.6px;">                  2)The push of table on book in upward direction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               These two forces are equal and opposite to keep the book in stationary position.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">SO Newton`s Third Law of Motion states that:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                     <i><b>"To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction."</b></i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">  </span></div>

Newton`s Laws of Motion

MOTION The motion and its causes was one of the main problem for the physicists.It remained unsolved for a long time.Gal...

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

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<b><u><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">UNIFORM
CIRCULAR MOTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uniform_circular_motion.svg/640px-Uniform_circular_motion.svg.png?1446118237787" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uniform_circular_motion.svg/640px-Uniform_circular_motion.svg.png?1446118237787" width="355" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               When an
object moves at a constant speed in a straight line both the magnitude and
direction of velocity vector remains unchanged, however, if a force is acting
on the body (object) in the direction of its motion and the magnitude of
velocity (speed) changes but the direction of velocity remain same and
acceleration produced in the direction of motion. If force is acting
perpendicularly to the direction of motion, then magnitude of velocity (speed)
remains the same but its direction changes at every point. It means there is
change in velocity. There must be some acceleration and object due to this
force moves in curve path. The simplest type of curve path is circle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               “When a
body moves in a circular path with constantly speed it is said to describe
uniform circular motion.”</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CENTRIPETAL
ACCELERATION <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               Consider
a body of mass “m” moving with constant speed “v” around circle of radius “r”.
At any instant the direction of velocity is directed along the tangent to the
circular path. As the body moves along the circumference of the circle the
direction of velocity is continuously changing, it has acceleration. According
to Newton’s law of motion a force must be acting upon it. If the magnitude of
velocity (speed) remain constant this force must be at right angle to the
tangent to the circle, and it is directed towards the centre of the circle
called centripetal force(force directed towards the centre). According to the
Newton’s second law of motion, the centripetal force produces acceleration on
its own direction called centripetal acceleration. It can be shown that the
magnitude of centripetal acceleration is equal to square of the speed divided
by the radius of circle. The magnitude of this acceleration “   “is given by </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                                                      mv^2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                            Centripetal acceleration= -------</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                                                                                          r</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CENTRIPETAL
FORCE</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“The force which acts towards the centre along the radius of
a circular path on which the body moving with a uniform velocity is called a centripetal
force.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               From
Newton Second law of Motion, we have</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">                              F=ma<sub>c</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Where “a<sub>c</sub> “is the centripetal acceleration
produced by centripetal force “F”. Substituting the value of     in above equation, we have centripetal
force </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Thus the centripetal force is directly proportional to the
mass of the object, to the square of its linear speed and inversely
proportional to the radius of circular path. </span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE </span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               When a
body moving along circular path it has a tendency to move along the tangent but
a force is acting on it directed towards the centre of circle which keeps the
body to move in circle called centripetal force. According to Newton’s third
law of motion, there must be a reaction force directed away from the centre of
circle and is equal in magnitude but opposite to centripetal force called
centrifugal force. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">               When a
stone at the end of a string whirl, to keep the stone in circular motion a
force act pulls it inward along the string. According to third law of motion
stone reacts and exert an equal force outward on the hand. The outward force on
the hand is called centrifugal force.</span></div>
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UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION When an object moves at a constant speed in a straight line both the magnitude and dir...

What is Speed,Velocity,Acceleration. Derivation of equations of motion!

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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is Speed?</b></span><br />
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Some bodies move fast and move slow.In order to have a comparison between fast and slow moving bodies we have to define a physical quantity known as speed.<br />
            Speed is the ratio of distance traveled to the time taken in travelling.<br />
Average speed can easily be calculated by dividing distance covered by a moving body from time taken by the body to cover that specific distance.<br />
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          Average speed = Distance / Time<br />
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           S.I Unit of speed is m/s<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">What is Velocity?</span></b><br />
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 Velocity is also the speed of a body but it is always have a specific direction.Speed refers only to time rate at which body is moving where as velocity refers to both speed and direction.<br />
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                                 S.I Unit and formula of Velocity is same as of speed<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is the Difference between Speed and Velocity?</b></span><br />
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1  *Speed is a scalar quantity meaning it only requires a number to define is effect.<br />
    *Velocity is vector quantity meaning it requires a number and also a direction for its proper definition.<br />
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2  *Formula of speed is written as V= Distance / Time<br />
    *Formula of velocity is written as  V(arrow over V) = Distance / Time<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What is Acceleration?</b></span><br />
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       When Velocity of a body changes acceleration is produced.This change of velocity can be produced either by changing direction or speed or may be both of them,.<br />
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In other words acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of a body.<br />
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In mathematics change in velocity can be written as<br />
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                          change in velocity  <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">Δ</b><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">V=Vi-Vf</b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></b>
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></b>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">And change is velocity in unit time is  = </span></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">ΔV / </b><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">Δt</b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></b>
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></b>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">So Acceleration can be written as  (arrow above a) <b>a</b> = </span></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">ΔV / </b><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">Δt</b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">                 </b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">                                      </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">S.I </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">unit of Acceleration is </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 20.2222px;">m/s</span><sup style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 0.9;">2</sup><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><b>Equations of motion</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">Three equations of motion are derived in the following</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><b>First equation of motion</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">         Suppose a body is moving with a velocity V1 and it is accelerated for time T in a way that its final velocity after acceleration becomes V2.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">    mathematically it can be written as </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                     Change in velocity of body in time T = V2 - V1</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                        </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                            Therefore change in velocity in unit time  = (V2 - V1) / T</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">           As we know that change in velocity in unit time is Accleration</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">So          Acceleration  a = (V2 - V1) / T</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">       or it can also be written as    at = V2 - V1</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                        or                      at + V1 = V2</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">This is called First equation of motion.And it says that final velocity of a body is the sum of initial velocity to product of acceleration and time.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><b>Second equation of motion</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">Suppose a body starts with an initial velocity V1 and travels with a uniform acceleration "a" for a time "t". Let the distance covered by this body is "S" and final velocity V2</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">      Since acceleration is uniform so velocity changes at a constant rate.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">Mathematically, </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                        Average velocity  =  (V1+V2) / 2</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                Distance travelled = Average Velocity </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">× </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">time</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Therefore                         S = ((V1+V2) / 2) </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">× </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">t)</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">From first equation of motion we have </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                    V2 = V1 + at</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">putting the value of V2</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">   So                              S = ((V1+(V1 + at)) /2 ) </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">× t </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;">                                    </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">S = (2V1.t + at^2) / 2</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">  or                               S = V1.t +  (at^2) / 2</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">Above equation is known as  Second equation of motion and it gives a Relation of distance with acceleration , time and velocity.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;"><b>Third Equation Of Motion.</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">Third equation of motion is the combination of first two equations and time is eliminated from the equation so it is basically a relation of Velocity to acceleration and distance.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">From Eq 1 </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                   V2 = V1 + at</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">    Taking square on both sides </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                  (V2)^2 = (V1 + at)^2</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">Or                 V2^2 = V1^2 + 2V1.at + a^2.t^2</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                    V2^2 = V1^2 + 2a(V1.t + 1/2 a.t^2)</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">From Eq 2 we have</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                 V1.t + 1/2.a.t^2 = S </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">                  V2^2 = V1^2 + 2aS</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.3333px;">This is the Third equation of motion.</span></span>

What is Speed,Velocity,Acceleration. Derivation of equations of motion!

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