Perpendicular Stuff

General characteristics, Source and Use of Organic Compounds

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First of all<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>i<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>discuss the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>general characteristics</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>organic compounds</i>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>General characteristics of organic compound:</b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">1.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Origin:</span></div>
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<u>Organic  compound</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is found naturally, but inorganic compound such as minerals are found from rocks</div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">composition</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>The basic parts of all the organic<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>compound<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>are carbon and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>hydrogen but<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>some other elements  such as nitrogen<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>sulpher<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>oxygen<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>helogens  are made when combine with  carbon and hydrogen.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;">3.</span>covalent<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>linkage:</span></div>
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Organic  compound<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>are<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>dependent on covalent bond the bond might be polar or non-polar but inorganic always depend upon the ionic bond.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">  </span><span style="font-stretch: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">4</span></span><span style="font-stretch: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">. Solubility:</span></span></div>
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Due the non polar linkage mostly organic compound are soluble in  solvent such as alcohol benzene carbon di sulphid etc  but inorganic compound due to ionic bond are soluble in polar solvent</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;">5. </span>Electrical conductivity:</span></div>
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Due the presence of covalent bond organic compound are semi conductor of electricity  on other hand inorganic compound due to presence of the ionic bond are stronger conductor of electricity.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">6.Stability:</span></span></div>
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The melting and boiling points of organic compound are low therefore organic compound are less stable as compare to the inorganic compound.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;">7.</span>Combustibility:</span></div>
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Organic compound contain high quantity of carbon therefore organic compound burn easily as compare to the inorganic compound that contain low quantity of carbon and did not burn easily.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;">8. </span>Rate of Reaction:</span></div>
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Due to the presence of covalent linkage the reaction of organic compound are naturally molecule type and reaction occur at slow speed and for short time period and occur in the presence of catalyst  temperature and pressure:</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Source of organic compound:</i></b></span></div>
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In nature organic compound are found in animals and plants . animals makes two main group of organic compound  proteins and fats  protein contain meat egg chicken and beef but fats contain milk and cheese and plants makes carbohydrates proteins fats and vitamans  the dead plants which are buried under the earth it makes petroleum and gas by bio chemical process . these are the major source of organic compound  we makes thousands of organic compound by destructive distillation of coal and fractional distillation of petroleum  these sources are given below in details.</div>
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Organic Compounds</div>
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There are two main source of organic compound .</div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">(a)</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">   <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Animals</span></div>
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      (b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">  <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Plants</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Plants:</span></div>
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There are two types of plants live plants and dead plants we get organic compound from the live plants are oils such as pam oil olive ,peanut, and sunflower  and vitamen protein and carbohydrates for example potatoes wheat rice and maize . and we get organic compound from dead plant such as coal petroleum and gas.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Animals:</span></div>
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Animals are another source of organic compound  we get two types of organic compound from animals number one is fats/oils  such as milk and cheese and second organic compound which we get from animals is proteins such as eggs,mutton,chicken,beef, and fish.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><u>Uses of organic compound:</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Use as diet:</span></div>
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The diet which we daily eat such as milk meat eggs and vegitables etc all these things depend upon the carbohydrates proteins and fats which are organic compound.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Use as clothe:</span></div>
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All types of clothes which we are wear  or use as bed sheets are made from natural fibers such as cotton silk  and synthetic fiber such as nilown . these compound are organic compound.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Use in houses:</span></div>
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Wood is a cellulose (naturally found organic compound) which is used in every house for making furniture for the houses decoration and makes pillars in the houses.</div>
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We use coal petroleum  natural gas as a fuel in the houses and in transport buses car truck etc…</div>
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It is called fossil fuel and it is also a organic compound.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Use as medicine:</span></div>
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Large number of organic compound are used as medicine .many medicine which save life of animals and plants and humain beings these are prepared as antibiotics in lab.</div>
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These are the general characteristics , source and use of Organic Compound.</div>
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General characteristics, Source and Use of Organic Compounds

First of all i discuss the general characteristics of organic compounds . General characteristics of organic compound: ...

Organic Compounds and Its classification.

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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                        What<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Organic  Compounds</b></span></div>
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The compounds which made up from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>carbon and hydrogen</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and link with each other through covalent bond is called<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u>organic compound.</u></div>
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The branch of chemistry which study the hydrocarbons and its derivatives is called organic chemistry.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgABqihYKn8oWpG-w84RCPI-H0qjTRbEWRGsxqLpRA6YDiYlRj-pNjaYrJnDmDakUf97FXO24bNISzCdgEYkOi0GEcWB_POjs1mRqH9xFU26sVV7WnzWvNGwOdO6FSHbvuoQMSLK6nddos3/s1600/Organic+Compounds.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Methane . A simple example of Organic Compounds." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgABqihYKn8oWpG-w84RCPI-H0qjTRbEWRGsxqLpRA6YDiYlRj-pNjaYrJnDmDakUf97FXO24bNISzCdgEYkOi0GEcWB_POjs1mRqH9xFU26sVV7WnzWvNGwOdO6FSHbvuoQMSLK6nddos3/s320/Organic+Compounds.png" style="cursor: move;" title="Methane . A simple example of Organic Compounds." width="310" /></a></div>
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Methane<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A simple example of Organic Compounds.</div>
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Now we classified organic compound</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                      Classification of organic compounds</span> </div>
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All organic compound are classified into two types on the basis of carbon skeleton</div>
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1<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>open chain or acyclic compound</div>
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2<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>close chain or cyclic compound</div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Open chain or acyclic compound:</span></div>
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In open chain the molecule of a compound of carbon atom are not linked at ending point  in this way carbon atom make open chain this chain may b straight chain or branched chain Open chain are also called aliphatic compound compounds.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Close chain or cyclic compound:</span></div>
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In close chain the end carbon atom are not independent  it make a ring which carbon atom are link with each other.</div>
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Close chain are further divided into two type which are following</div>
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(a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds</div>
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(b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">  <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Heterocyclic compounds</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds:</span></div>
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The compounds in which ring contain only carbon atom is called homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds these compound are further divided into two types which are followings</div>
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(a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Aromatic compounds</div>
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(b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">  <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Alicyclic compounds</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aromatic compounds:</span></div>
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Aromatic compounds are those compounds in which its molecule contain minimum one benzene ring is called aromatic compounds  one benzene ring contain six carbon atom and it contain three double bond and three single bond for example benzene</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alicyclic compounds:</span></div>
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 Carbocyclic compounds in which its molecule did not contain benzene ring is called alicyclic compounds  it is also called non-benzenoid compounds  for example cyclobutane and cyclohexane</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Heterocyclic compounds:</span></div>
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Heterocyclic compounds are those compounds in which ring contain one or two elements of atom other than carbon atom is called heterocyclic compounds.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><u>Diversity and magnitude of organic compound:</u></b></span></div>
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The total element which are found today is 118 but the strength of organic compound is more than 10 million  if collect all other elements  its strength is lesser than the organic compound  organic compound are found at large scale is due to following steps</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(catenation)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>Organic compound are found at large scale the biggest reason is that  because the carbon atom are linked with each other through a covalent bond and makes a long chain ring  this chain may b straight or branched chain</div>
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The power of carbon atom make a long chain with another carbon atom is called catenation</div>
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The elements required basic two things for performing catenation is following</div>
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(a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The valency of elements two or more than two</div>
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(b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">  <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The bond of element with its items is stronger than another elements especially  strong than oxygen</div>
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Electronic<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>configuration of carbon and silicon is same  but carbon<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>perform<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>catenation but silicon did not perform catenation  because the energy of C-C bond is 355kJ that is more than the energy of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Si-Si bond<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>contain 200kJ<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>there<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>for C-C bond is strong  another side the energy of Si-O bond is 452kJ which is more than the energy of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>C-O bond<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>therefore<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Si-O is<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>strong  bond and found naturally in the form of silicates or silica</div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Isomerism:</span></div>
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The organic compound is found at large scale another reason is isomerism  if the molecular formula is same but the arrangement of items in a molecule or structural formula is different of a compound is called isomerism  for example n-pentane , isopentane and , neopentane has same molecular formula but the different structural formula</div>
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Remember that by increasing the number of carbon atom in molecule the strength of isomerism is also increase  due to the isomerism the organic compound are found at large scale</div>
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<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div>

Organic Compounds and Its classification.

What is Organic Compounds The compounds which made up from carbon and hydrogen and link with each...

Physics Chapter 9 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.9 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />9.1: Wave Fronts1.  Wave Fronts<br /> <br />9.2: Huygen's principle1. Huygen's principle<br /><br />9.3: Interferance of Light Waves1. Interferance of Light Waves<br /> <br />9.4: Young's Double slit Experiment1. Young's Double slit Experiment<br />2. More on Young's Double slit Experiment<br />3. More on Young's Double slit Experiment<br />4. More on Young's Double slit Experiment<br /> <br />9.5: Interference in Thin Films1. Interference in Thin Films<br /><br />9.6: Newton's Rings1. Newton's Rings<br /> <br />9.7: Michelson's Interferometer1. Michelson's Interferometer<br />2. Michelson's Interferometer<br /> <br />9.8: Diffraction of Light1. Diffraction of Light<br /> <br />9.9: Diffraction due to a Narrow slit1. Diffraction due to a Narrow slit<br /> <br />9.10: Diffraction Grating1. Diffraction Grating<br />2. More on Diffraction Grating<br /> <br />9.11: Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals1. Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals<br />2. More on Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals<br /> </span></span><br />
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<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">9.12: Polarization</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.  Polarization</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Production and Detection of Plane Polarized Light</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Optical Rotation</span></span></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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Physics Chapter 9 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.9 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 8 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.8 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />8.1: Progressive Waves1. Progressive Waves<br />2. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves<br /> <br />8.2: Periodic Waves1. Periodic Waves<br />2. Transverse periodic Waves<br />3. Phase Relationship between two Points on a Wave<br />4. Longitudinal Periodic Waves<br /> <br />8.3: Speed of Sound in Air1. Binomial Theorem<br />2. Speed of Sound in Air<br />3. Laplace's Correction<br />4. Effects of Various Factors on Speed of Sound in Air<br />5. More on Effects of Various Factors on Speed of Sound in Air<br />6. More on Effects of Various Factors on Speed of Sound in Air<br /> <br />8.4: Principle of Superposition1. Principle of Superposition<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8.5: Interference1. Interference<br />2. More on Interference<br />3. More on Interference<br /> <br />8.6: Beats1. Beats<br /> <br />8.7: Reflection of waves1. Reflection of waves<br />8.8: Stationary waves1. Stationary waves<br />2. More on Stationary waves<br /> <br />8.9: Stationary waves in a Stretched String1. Stationary waves in a Stretched String<br />2. More on Stationary waves in a Stretched String<br /> <br />8.10: Stationary Waves in Air Columns1. Stationary Waves in Air Columns<br />2. More on Stationary Waves in Air Columns<br /> <br />8.11: Doppler Effect1.  Doppler Effect<br />2.  Doppler Effect: When Source at Rest, Observer is Moving<br />3.  Doppler Effect: When Observer at Rest, Source is Moving<br />4.  Doppler Effect: When both Source and Observer ae Moving<br />5. Applications of Doppler Effect<br />6. More on Applications of Doppler Effect<br />7. More on Applications of Doppler Effect<br /> <br /><br /></span></span><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" data-auto-height="false" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_48528" scrolling="no" src="https://www.scribd.com/embeds/128133143/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" width="100%"></iframe>

Physics Chapter 8 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.8 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 7 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.7 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<br />
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.1: Simple Harmonic Motion </span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.1&v=P-11-12-oscillations-1">Simple Harmonic Motion </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.1&v=P-11-12-oscillations-1a">More on Simple Harmonic Motion </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.1&v=P-11-12-oscillations-2">Instantaneous Displacement and Amplitude of Vibration</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.1&v=P-11-12-oscillations-2a">Some other Parameters of Simple Harmonic Motion</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.2: SHM and Uniform Circular Motion </span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.2&v=P-11-12-oscillations-3">SHM and Uniform Circular Motion </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.2&v=P-11-12-oscillations-4">Displacement</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.2&v=P-11-12-oscillations-5">Instantaneous Velocity</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.2&v=P-11-12-oscillations-6">Acceleration in Terms of ?</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.3: Phase</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.3&v=P-11-12-oscillations-7">Phase</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.4: A Horizontal Mass Spring system</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.4&v=P-11-12-oscillations-8">A Horizontal Mass Spring system</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.5: Simple Pendulum</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.5&v=P-11-12-oscillations-9">Simple Pendulum</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.6: Energy conservation in SHM</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.6&v=P-11-12-oscillations-10">Energy conservation in SHM</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.6&v=P-11-12-oscillations-10a">More on Energy conservation in SHM</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.7: Free and Forced Oscillations</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.7&v=P-11-12-oscillations-17">Free and Forced Oscillations</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.8: Resonance</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.8&v=p-9-10-shm-16">Introduction to Resonance</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.8&v=P-11-12-oscillations-21">Advantages and Disadvantages of Resonance</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.9: Damped Oscillations</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.9&v=p-9-10-shm-9">Damped Oscillations</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.10: Sharpness of Resonance</span></span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <a href="http://www.sabaq.pk/video-page.php?sid=federal-physics-11th-7.10&v=P-11-12-oscillations-20">Sharpness of Resonance</a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Physics Chapter 7 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.7 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 6 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.6 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />6.1: Viscous Drag and Strokes Law1. Viscous Drag and Stokes Law<br /> <br />6.2: Terminal Velocity 1. Advanced Terminal Velocity<br />6.3: Fluid Flow1. Fluid Flow<br />6.4: Equation of Continuity1. Equation of Continuity<br />6.5: Bernoulli's Equation 1. Bernoulli's Equation <br />2. More on Bernoulli's Equation <br />6.6: Applications of Bernoulli's Equation 1. Torricelli's Theorem<br />2. Relation Between Speed and Pressure of the Fluid<br />3. More on Relation Between Speed and Pressure of the Fluid<br />4. Venturi Relation<br />5. Blood Flow<br /></span></span><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" data-auto-height="false" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_83636" scrolling="no" src="https://www.scribd.com/embeds/128128111/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" width="100%"></iframe>

Physics Chapter 6 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.6 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 5 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.5 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes. </span><br />
<div style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Following sections of Chapter are covered in these notes.</span></div>
<div style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px;">
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.1: Angular Displacement</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Angular Displacement</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. More on Angular Displacement</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.2: Angular Velocity</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Angular Velocity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.3: Angular Acceleration </span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Angular Acceleration </span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.4: Relation Between Angular and Linear Velocities</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Relation Between Angular and Linear Velocities</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. Equation of Angular Motion</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.5: Centripetal Forces</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Centripetal Forces</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. More on Centripetal Forces</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.6: Moment of Inertia</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Moment of Inertia</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. more on Moment of Inertia</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.7: Angular Momentum</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Angular Momentum</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. More on Angular Momentum</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.8:  Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.9: Rotational Kinetic Energy</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Rotational Kinetic Energy</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2. Rotational Kinetic Energy of a Disc and Hoop</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.10: Artificial Satellites</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Artificial Satellites</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.11: Real and Apparent weight</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Real and Apparent weight</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.12: Weightlessness in Satellites and Gravity Free System</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. weightlessness in Satellites and Gravity Free system</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.13: Orbital Velocity</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1.  Orbital Velocity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.14: Artifical Gravity</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Artifical Gravity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.15: Geostationary Orbits</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Geostationary Orbits</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.16: Communication Satellites</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1. Communication Satellites</span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5.17: Newton's and Einstein's Views of Gravitation</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1.  Newton's and Einstein's Views of Gravitation</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Physics Chapter 5 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.5 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 4 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.4 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />4.1: Work Done by a Constant Forces1. Work Done by a Constant Forces<br /> <br />4.2: Work Done By a Variable Forces1. Work Done By a Variable Forces<br /><br />4.3: Work done by Gravitational Field1. Work done by Gravitational Field<br />2. More on Work done by Gravitational Field<br />3. Prove that the work done along a closed path in a gravitational Field<br /> <br />4.4: Power1. Introduction to Power<br />2. Power and velocity<br /> <br />4.5: Energy1. Introduction to Energy <br />2. Problem on Law of Conservation of Energy <br />3. Potential Energy<br />4. Work-Energy Principle<br />5. Absolute Potential Energy<br />6. More on Absolute Potential energy<br />7. Escape Velocity<br /> <br />4.6: Inter conversion of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy1. Interconversion of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy<br /> <br />4.7: Conservation of Energy1. Advance law of Conservation of Energy<br /> <br />4.8: Non Conventional Energy sources1. Energy from Tides<br />2. Energy from Waves<br />3. Solar Energy<br />4. Energy from Biomass<br />5. Energy from Waste product<br />6. Geothermal Energy<br /><br /><br /> </span><br />
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Physics Chapter 4 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.4 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 3 XI Notes

<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.3 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">All Chapter Questions and reasons are solved in following notes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3.1: Displacement1. Difference between Distance and Displacement</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />3.2: Velocity1. Introduction to velocity<br /><br />3.3: Acceleration1. Introduction to Acceleration</b><br />2. Average Acceleration and Retardation</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.4: Velocity-Time Graph1. Speed-time Graph</b></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.5: Review of Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Review of Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.6: Newton's Laws of Motion </b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. First Law of Newton<br />2. Second Law of Newton<br />3. Third Law of Newton</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />3.7: Momentum1. Advanced Momentum</b><br />2. Momentum and Newton's Second Law of motion<br />3. Impulse<br />4. Law of Conservation of Momentum</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.8: Elastic and Inelastic Collisions</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Elastic and Inelastic Collisions<br />2. Elastic Collision in one Dimension <br />3. More on Elastic Collision in one Dimension <br />4. Some Cases of Elastic Collision</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />3.9: Force due to water Flow1. Force due to water Flow</b></span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.10: Momentum and Explosive Forces </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Momentum and Explosive Forces</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><b>3.11: Rocket Propulsion1. Rocket Propulsion</b><br /><b>3.12: Projectile Motion</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Projectile Motion<br />2. More on Projectile Motion<br />3. Features of Projectile<br />4. More on Features of Projectile<br />5. Application to Ballistic Missiles</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span>'
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Physics Chapter 3 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.3 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to...

Physics Chapter 2 XI Notes

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<span style="font-size: large;">Physics
 Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.2 First Year XI Complete Notes
 made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful to him. And also Thanks to the team of FscOnline.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Following sections of Chapter are covered in these notes.</span></div>
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All Exercise Questions and Reasoning Questions are solved in following Notes.<br />
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.1: Basic Concepts of Vectors</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Scalars and Vectors</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Rectangular Coordinate system</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Addition of Forces</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. Resultant Vectors </span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">5. Vectors Subtraction</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">6. Multiplication of Vector by a scalar</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">7. Unit and Null vector</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">8. Rectangular Components of a Vector</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">9. Determination of a Vector from its Rectangular Components</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">10. Position and Equal Vectors</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.2: Vector Addition by Rectangular Components</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Vector Addition by Rectangular Components</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Steps of vector Addition by Rectangular Components</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.3: Product of two Vectors</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Product of two Vectors</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Scalar or Dot product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Characteristics of Scalar Product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. Vector or Cross Product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">5. Characteristics of Cross Product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">6. Example of Vector product</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.4: Torque</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Introduction to Torque or Moment of a Force</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. More on Torque</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.5: Equlibrium of Forces</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Introduction to Equilibrium</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Equilibrium of Bodies Under the Action of Coplanar Forces</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table id="chapter-box"><thead>
<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.6: Equilibrium of Torques</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Conditions for Equilibrium</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Physics Chapter 2 XI Notes

Physics Federal and Punjab Text Board Chapter no.2 First Year XI Complete Notes made by Prof M Ali Malik, students are special Thankful t...